2.1. Understøttet udstyr

Debian indfører ikke udstyrskrav udover kravene fra Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kernen og GNU-værktøjssættene. Derfor kan enhver arkitektur eller platform som Linux- eller kFreeBSD-kernen, libc, gcc, etc. er blevet porteret til, og for hvem en Debian-port findes afvikle Debian. Se porteringsiderne på http://www.debian.org/ports/arm/ for yderligere detaljer om 32-bit soft-float ARM arkitektursystemer, som er blevet testet med Debian GNU/Linux.

Frem for at forsøge at beskrive alle de forskelige udstyrskonfigurationer, som er understøttet for 32-bit soft-float ARM, dette afsnit indeholder generel information og henvisninger til hvor yderligere information kan findes.

2.1.1. Understøttede arkitekturer

Debian GNU/Linux 9 understøtter 10 væsentlige arkitekturer og flere variationer af hver arkitektur kendt som varianter (flavors).

Arkitektur Debian Designation Underarkitektur Variant
Intel x86-baseret i386    
AMD64 & Intel 64 amd64    
ARM armel Marvell Kirkwood and Orion marvell
Versatile versatile
ARM med udstyr FPU armhf flerplatform armmp
flerplatform for LPAE-egnede systemer armmp-lpae
64-bit ARM arm64    
MIPS (big endian) mips MIPS Malta (32-bit) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-bit) 5kc-malta
Cavium Octeon octeon
MIPS (little endian) mipsel MIPS Malta (32-bit) 4kc-malta
MIPS Malta (64-bit) 5kc-malta
Cavium Octeon octeon
Loongson 3A loongson-3
IBM/Motorola PowerPC powerpc    
Power Systems ppc64el IBM POWER8 or newer machines  
64-bit IBM S/390 s390x IPL fra VM-reader og DASD generisk

Dette dokument dækker intallationen for arkitekturen 32-bit soft-float ARM, der bruger kernen Linux. Hvis du er på udkig efter information om en af de andre Debian-understøttede arkitekturer så tag et kig på siderne om Debian-porteringer.

2.1.2. Three different ARM ports

The ARM architecture has evolved over time and modern ARM processors provide features which are not available in older models. Debian therefore provides three ARM ports to give the best support for a very wide range of different machines:

  • Debian/armel targets older 32-bit ARM processors without support for a hardware floating point unit (FPU),

  • Debian/armhf works only on newer 32-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv7 architecture with version 3 of the ARM vector floating point specification (VFPv3). It makes use of the extended features and performance enhancements available on these models.

  • Debian/arm64 works on 64-bit ARM processors which implement at least the ARMv8 architecture.

Technically, all currently available ARM CPUs can be run in either endian mode (big or little), but in practice the vast majority use little-endian mode. All of Debian/arm64, Debian/armhf and Debian/armel support only little-endian systems.

2.1.3. Variations in ARM CPU designs and support complexity

ARM systems are much more heterogeneous than those based on the i386/amd64-based PC architecture, so the support situation can be much more complicated.

The ARM architecture is used mainly in so-called system-on-chip (SoC) designs. These SoCs are designed by many different companies with vastly varying hardware components even for the very basic functionality required to bring the system up. System firmware interfaces have been increasingly standardised over time, but especially on older hardware firmware/boot interfaces vary a great deal, so on these systems the Linux kernel has to take care of many system-specific low-level issues which would be handled by the mainboard's BIOS in the PC world.

At the beginning of the ARM support in the Linux kernel, the hardware variety resulted in the requirement of having a separate kernel for each ARM system in contrast to the one-fits-all kernel for PC systems. As this approach does not scale to a large number of different systems, work was done to allow booting with a single ARM kernel that can run on different ARM systems. Support for newer ARM systems is now implemented in a way that allows the use of such a multiplatform kernel, but for several older systems a separate specific kernel is still required. Because of this, the standard Debian distribution only supports installation on a selected number of such older ARM systems, alongside the newer systems which are supported by the ARM multiplatform kernels (called armmp) in Debian/armhf.

2.1.4. Platforme understøttet af Debian/armel

De følgende platforme er understøttet af Debian/armel; de kræver kerner specifikke for platformen.

Kirkwood

Kirkwood is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. Debian currently supports the following Kirkwood based devices:

Orion5x

Orion is a system-on-chip (SoC) from Marvell that integrates an ARM CPU, Ethernet, SATA, USB, and other functionality in one chip. There are many Network Attached Storage (NAS) devices on the market that are based on an Orion chip. Debian currently supports the following Orion based devices: Buffalo Kurobox, HP mv2120 and QNAP TS-109, TS-209, TS-409 and TS-409U and variants.

Versatile

The Versatile platform is emulated by QEMU and is therefore a nice way to test and run Debian on ARM if you don't have real hardware.

2.1.5. Platforms and devices no longer supported by Debian/armel

IXP4xx

Support for the Intel IXP4xx platform has been dropped in Debian 9. The Linksys NSLU2 device is based on IXP4xx and is therefore no longer supported.

Orion5x

Support for the D-Link DNS-323 and Conceptronic CH3SNAS devices has been dropped from the Orion5x platform in Debian 9. The Linux kernel no longer fits into the flash on these devices. Other Orion devices, such as Buffalo Kurobox and HP mv2120, are still supported.

2.1.6. Graphics Hardware Support

Debian's support for graphical interfaces is determined by the underlying support found in X.Org's X11 system, and the kernel. Basic framebuffer graphics is provided by the kernel, whilst desktop environments use X11. Whether advanced graphics card features such as 3D-hardware acceleration or hardware-accelerated video are available, depends on the actual graphics hardware used in the system and in some cases on the installation of additional firmware images (see Afsnit 2.2, “Enheder som kræver firmware”).

Nearly all ARM machines have the graphics hardware built-in, rather than being on a plug-in card. Some machines do have expansion slots which will take graphics cards, but that is a rarity. Hardware designed to be headless with no graphics at all is quite common. Whilst basic framebuffer video provided by the kernel should work on all devices that have graphics, fast 3D graphics invariably needs binary drivers to work. The situation is changing quickly but at the time of the stretch release free drivers for nouveau (Nvidia Tegra K1 SoC) and freedreno (Qualcomm Snapdragon SoCs) are available in the release. Other hardware needs non-free drivers from 3rd parties.

Details on supported graphics hardware and pointing devices can be found at http://xorg.freedesktop.org/. Debian 9 ships with X.Org version 7.7.

2.1.7. Udstry for netværksforbindelse

Næsten alle netværksgrænsefladekort (NIC) understøttet af Linux-kernen bør også være understøttet af installationssystemet; drivere bliver normalt indlæst automatisk.

32-bit soft-float ARM, er de fleste indbyggede Ethernet-enheder understøttet og moduler for yderligere PCI- og USB-enheder tilbydes.

2.1.8. Ekstraudstyr

Linux understøtter en bred vifte af udstyr såsom mus, printere, skannere, PCMCIA/CardBus/ExpressCard- og USB-enheder. De fleste af dette udstyr er dog ikke krævet under installation af systemet.