目录
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警告 |
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本章是基於 2013 年發佈的 Debian 7.0 ( |
The X Window System on the Debian system is based on the source from X.Org.
There are a few (meta)packages provided to ease installation.
表 7.1. List of key (meta)packages for X Window
(meta)package | 流行度 | 大小 | 說明 |
---|---|---|---|
xorg
|
I:514 | 51 | X libraries, an X server, a set of fonts, and a group of basic X clients and utilities (metapackage) |
xserver-xorg
|
V:165, I:557 | 237 | full suite of the X server and its configuration |
xbase-clients
|
I:78 | 45 | miscellaneous assortment of X clients (metapackage) |
x11-common
|
V:416, I:809 | 304 | filesystem infrastructure for the X Window System |
xorg-docs
|
I:8 | 2040 | miscellaneous documentation for the X.Org software suite |
menu
|
V:138, I:347 | 1786 | generate the Debian menu for all menu-aware applications |
gksu
|
V:57, I:298 | 460 | Gtk+ frontend to su(1) or sudo(8) |
menu-xdg
|
V:27, I:150 | 76 | convert the Debian menu structure to the freedesktop.org xdg menu structure |
xdg-utils
|
V:256, I:575 | 306 | utilities to integrate desktop environment provided by the freedesktop.org |
task-gnome-desktop
|
I:221 | 6 | standard GNOME desktop environment (metapackage) |
task-kde-desktop
|
I:64 | 6 | core KDE desktop environment (metapackage) |
task-xfce-desktop
|
I:88 | 6 | Xfce lightweight desktop environment (metapackage) |
task-lxde-desktop
|
I:43 | 6 | LXDE lightweight desktop environment (metapackage) |
fluxbox
|
V:3, I:13 | 3739 | Fluxbox: package for highly configurable and low resource X window manager |
For the basics of X, refer to X(7) and the LDP XWindow-User-HOWTO.
A desktop environment is usually a combination of a X window manager, a file manager, and a suite of compatible utility programs.
You can setup a full desktop
environment such as GNOME, KDE, Xfce, or LXDE, from the aptitude
under the
task menu.
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提示 |
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Task menu may be out of sync with the latest package transition state under
Debian |
You may alternatively setup a simple environment manually just with a X window manager such as Fluxbox.
See Window Managers for X for the guide to the X window manager and the desktop environment.
Debian menu system provides a
general interface for both text- and X-oriented programs with
update-menus(1)
from the menu
package. Each package installs its menu
data in the "/usr/share/menu/
" directory. See
"/usr/share/menu/README
".
Each package which is compliant to Freedesktop.org's xdg menu system
installs its menu data provided by "*.desktop
" under
"/usr/share/applications/
". Modern desktop environments
which are compliant to Freedesktop.org standard use these data to generate
their menu using the xdg-utils
package. See
"/usr/share/doc/xdg-utils/README
".
In order to access the traditional Debian menu from the Freedesktop.org menu compliant window
manager environment such as GNOME and KDE, you must install the
menu-xdg
package.
The X Window System is activated as a combination of the server and client programs. The meaning for the words server and client with respect to the words local and remote requires attention here.
表 7.2. List of server/client terminology
類型 | 說明 |
---|---|
X server | a program run on a local host connected to the user's display and input devices. |
X client | a program run on a remote host that processes data and talks to the X server. |
application server | a program run on a remote host that processes data and talks to the application clients. |
application client | a program run on a local host connected to the user's display and input devices. |
Modern X servers have the MIT Shared Memory Extension and communicate with their local X clients using the local shared memory. This bypasses the network transparent Xlib interprocess communication channel and gains performance for large images.
See xorg(1) for X server information.
The following (re)configures an X server.
# dpkg-reconfigure --priority=low x11-common
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注意 |
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Recent Linux kernels have good graphics and input device supports with
DRM, KMS, and udev. X server is rewritten to use them. So
" |
For the large high resolution CRT monitor, it is a good idea to set the refresh rate as high as your monitor can handle (85 Hz is great, 75 Hz is OK) to reduce flicker. For the LCD monitor, slower standard refresh rate (60Hz) is usually fine due to its slow response.
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注意 |
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Be careful not to use too high refresh rate which may cause fatal hardware failure of your monitor system. |
There are several ways of getting the "X server" (display side) to accept connections from an "X client" (application side).
表 7.3. List of connection methods to the X server
軟件包 | 流行度 | 大小 | user | encryption | method | pertinent use |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
xbase-clients
|
I:78 | 45 | unchecked | no | xhost command
|
deprecated |
xbase-clients
|
I:78 | 45 | checked | no | xauth command
|
local connection via pipe |
openssh-client
|
V:543, I:995 | 3792 | checked | yes | ssh -X command
|
remote network connection |
gdm3
|
V:206, I:306 | 4600 | checked | no (XDMCP) | GNOME display manager | local connection via pipe |
sddm
|
V:10, I:17 | 1237 | checked | no (XDMCP) | KDE display manager | local connection via pipe |
xdm
|
V:4, I:10 | 665 | checked | no (XDMCP) | X display manager | local connection via pipe |
wdm
|
V:269, I:840 | 2289 | checked | no (XDMCP) | WindowMaker display manager | local connection via pipe |
ldm
|
V:0, I:1 | 467 | checked | yes | LTSP display manager | remote SSH network connection (thin client) |
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警告 |
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Do not use remote TCP/IP connection over unsecured network for X connection unless you have
very good reason such as use of encryption. A remote TCP/IP socket
connection without encryption is prone to the eavesdropping attack and is disabled by default on
the Debian system. Use " |
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警告 |
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Do not use XDMCP connection over unsecured network either. It sends data via UDP/IP without encryption and is prone to the eavesdropping attack. |
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提示 |
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LTSP stands for Linux Terminal Server Project. |
The X Window System is usually started as an X session which is the combination of an X server and connecting X clients. For the normal desktop system, both of them are executed on a workstation.
The X session is started by one of the following.
startx
command started from the command line
One of the X display manager daemon
programs *dm
started from the end of the start up script
in "/etc/rc?.d/
" ("?
" corresponding to
the runlevel) directory
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提示 |
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The start up script for the display manager daemons checks the content of
the " |
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提示 |
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See 第 8.3.5 节 “Specific locale only under X Window” for initial environment variables of the X display manager. |
Essentially, all these programs execute the
"/etc/X11/Xsession
" script. Then the
"/etc/X11/Xsession
" script performs
run-parts(8)
like action to execute scripts in the
"/etc/X11/Xsession.d/
" directory. This is essentially an
execution of the first program which is found in the following order by the
exec
builtin command.
The script specified as the argument of
"/etc/X11/Xsession
" by the X display manager, if it is
defined.
The "~/.xsession
" or "~/.Xsession
"
script, if it is defined.
The "/usr/bin/x-session-manager
" command, if it is
defined.
The "/usr/bin/x-window-manager
" command, if it is
defined.
The "/usr/bin/x-terminal-emulator
" command, if it is
defined.
This process is affected by the content of
"/etc/X11/Xsession.options
". The exact programs to which
these "/usr/bin/x-*
" commands point, are determined by
the Debian alternatives system and changed by "update-alternatives
--config x-session-manager
", etc.
See Xsession(5) for details.
gdm3(1)
lets you select the session type (or desktop environment: 第 7.2 节 “Setting up desktop environment”), and language (or locale: 第 8.3 节 “The locale”) of the X session from its menu. It keeps the
selected default value in "~/.dmrc
" as the following.
[Desktop] Session=default Language=ja_JP.UTF-8
On a system where "/etc/X11/Xsession.options
" contains a
line "allow-user-xsession
" without preceding
"#
" characters, any user who defines
"~/.xsession
" or "~/.Xsession
" is able
to customize the action of "/etc/X11/Xsession
" by
completely overriding the system code. The last command in the
"~/.xsession
" file should use form of "exec
some-window/session-manager
" to start your favorite X
window/session managers.
If this feature is used, the selection of the display (or login) manager (DM), session manager or window manager (WM) by the system utility is ignored.
Here are new methods to customize the X session without completely overriding the system code as above.
The display manager gdm3
can select a specific session
and set it as the argument of "/etc/X11/Xsession
".
"/etc/profile
", "~/.profile
",
"/etc/xprofile
", and "~/.xprofile
"
files are executed as a part of gdm3
start up process.
The "~/.xsessionrc
" file is executed as a part of start
up process. (desktop independent)
"#allow-user-xsession
" in
"/etc/X11/Xsession.options
" does not restrict execution
of the "~/.xsessionrc
" file.
The "~/.gnomerc
" file is executed as a part of start up
process. (GNOME desktop only)
The selection of the display (or login) manager (DM), session manager or window manager (WM) by the system utility is respected.
These configuration files should not have "exec …
" nor
"exit
" in them.
The use of "ssh -X
" enables a secure connection from a
local X server to a remote application server.
Set "X11Forwarding
" entries to "yes
"
in "/etc/ssh/sshd_config
" of the remote host, if you want
to avoid "-X
" command-line option.
Start the X server on the local host.
Open an xterm
in the local host.
Run ssh(1) to establish a connection with the remote site as the following.
localname @ localhost $ ssh -q -X loginname@remotehost.domain Password:
Run an X application command, e.g. "gimp
", on the remote
site as the following.
loginname @ remotehost $ gimp &
This method can display the output from a remote X client as if it were locally connected through a local UNIX domain socket.
Fontconfig 2.0 was created to provide a
distribution independent library for configuring and customizing font access
in 2002. Debian after squeeze
uses Fontconfig 2.0 for its font configuration.
Font supports on X Window System can be summarized as follows.
Legacy X server side font support system
The original core X11 font system provides backward compatibility for older version of X client applications.
The original core X11 fonts are installed on the X server.
Modern X client side font support system
The modern X system supports all fonts listed below (第 7.6.1 节 “Basic fonts”, 第 7.6.2 节 “Additional fonts”, and 第 7.6.3 节 “CJK fonts”) with advanced features such as anti-aliasing.
Xft 2.0 connects modern X applications such as ones from GNOME, KDE, and LibreOffice with FreeType 2.0 library.
FreeType 2.0 provides font rasterization library.
Fontconfig provides resolution of the font specification for Xft 2.0. See fonts.conf(5) for its configuration.
All modern X applications using Xft 2.0 can talk to modern X server using the X Rendering Extension.
The X Rendering Extension moves font access and glyph image generation from the X server to the X client.
表 7.4. Table of packages to support X Window font systems
軟件包 | 流行度 | 大小 | 說明 |
---|---|---|---|
xfonts-utils
|
V:42, I:633 | 338 | X Window System font utility programs |
libxft2
|
V:175, I:753 | 141 | Xft, a library that connects X applications with the FreeType font rasterization library |
libfreetype6
|
V:583, I:992 | 899 | FreeType 2.0 font rasterization library |
fontconfig
|
V:395, I:870 | 529 | Fontconfig, a generic font configuration library — support binaries |
fontconfig-config
|
V:406, I:921 | 420 | Fontconfig, a generic font configuration library — configuration data |
You can check font configuration information by the following.
"xset q
" for core X11 font path
"fc-match
" for fontconfig font default
"fc-list
" for available fontconfig fonts
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提示 |
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"The Penguin and Unicode" is a good overview of modern X Window System. Other documentations at http://unifont.org/ should provide good information on Unicode fonts, Unicode-enabled software, internationalization, and Unicode usability issues on free/libre/open source (FLOSS) operating systems. |
There are 2 major types of computer fonts.
Bitmap fonts (good for low resolution rasterization)
Outline/stroke fonts (good for high resolution rasterization)
While scaling of bitmap fonts causes jugged image, scaling of outline/stroke fonts produces smooth image.
Bitmap fonts on the Debian system are usually provided by compressed X11 pcf bitmap font files having their
file extension ".pcf.gz
".
Outline fonts on the Debian system are provided by the following.
PostScript Type 1 font files having their
file extension ".pfb
" (binary font file) and
".afm
" (font metrics file).
TrueType (or OpenType) font files usually having their file
extension ".ttf
".
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提示 |
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OpenType is intended to supersede both TrueType and PostScript Type 1. |
表 7.5. Table of corresponding PostScript Type 1 fonts
font package | 流行度 | 大小 | sans-serif font | serif font | monospace font | source of font |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PostScript | N/A | N/A | Helvetica | Times | Courier | Adobe |
gsfonts | I:709 | 4439 | Nimbus Sans L | Nimbus Roman No9 L | Nimbus Mono L | URW (Adobe compatible size) |
gsfonts-x11 | I:137 | 96 | Nimbus Sans L | Nimbus Roman No9 L | Nimbus Mono L | X font support with PostScript Type 1 fonts. |
t1-cyrillic | I:23 | 4882 | Free Helvetian | Free Times | Free Courier | URW extended (Adobe compatible size) |
lmodern | I:154 | 33270 | LMSans* | LMRoman* | LMTypewriter* | scalable PostScript and OpenType fonts based on Computer Modern (from TeX) |
表 7.6. Table of corresponding TrueType fonts
font package | 流行度 | 大小 | sans-serif font | serif font | monospace font | source of font |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ttf-mscorefonts-installer | V:1, I:93 | 125 | Arial | Times New Roman | Courier New | Microsoft (Adobe compatible size) (This installs non-free data) |
fonts-liberation | I:579 | 2093 | Liberation Sans | Liberation Serif | Liberation Mono | Liberation Fonts project (Microsoft compatible size) |
fonts-freefont-ttf | V:199, I:393 | 10720 | FreeSans | FreeSerif | FreeMono | GNU freefont (Microsoft compatible size) |
fonts-dejavu | I:462 | 39 | DejaVu Sans | DejaVu Serif | DejaVu Sans Mono | DejaVu, Bitstream Vera with Unicode coverage |
fonts-dejavu-core | V:289, I:662 | 2954 | DejaVu Sans | DejaVu Serif | DejaVu Sans Mono | DejaVu, Bitstream Vera with Unicode coverage (sans, sans-bold, serif, serif-bold, mono, mono-bold) |
fonts-dejavu-extra | I:482 | 7217 | N/A | N/A | N/A | DejaVu, Bitstream Vera with Unicode coverage (oblique, italic, bold-oblique, bold-italic, condensed) |
ttf-unifont | I:23 | 16760 | N/A | N/A | unifont | GNU Unifont, with all printable character code in Unicode 5.1 Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) |
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提示 |
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DejaVu fonts are based on and superset of Bitstream Vera fonts. |
aptitude(8) helps you find additional fonts easily.
The short package list under "Tasks" → "Localization"
The filtered flat package list of font data with regex on debtag:
"~Gmade-of::data:font
"
The filtered flat package list of the BDF (bitmap) font packages with regex
on package name: "~nxfonts-
"
The filtered flat package list of the TrueType (outline) font packages with
regex on package name: "~nttf-|~nfonts-
"
Since Free fonts are sometimes limited, installing or sharing some commercial TrueType fonts is an option for a Debian users. In order to make this process easy for the user, some convenience packages have been created.
mathematica-fonts
fonts-mscorefonts-installer
You'll have a really good selection of TrueType fonts at the expense of contaminating your Free system with non-Free fonts.
Here are some key points focused on fonts of CJK characters.
表 7.7. Table of key words used in CJK font names to indicate font types
font type | Japanese font name | Chinese font name | Korean font name |
---|---|---|---|
sans-serif | gothic, ゴチック | hei, gothic | dodum, gulim, gothic |
serif | mincho, 明朝 | song, ming | batang |
Font name such as "VL PGothic" with "P" is a proportional font which corresponds to the fixed width "VL Gothic" font.
For example, Shift_JIS code table comprises 7070 characters. They can be grouped as the following.
JIS X 0201 single-byte characters (191 characters, a.k.a. half-width characters)
JIS X 0208 double-byte characters (6879 characters, a.k.a. full-width characters)
Double-byte characters occupy double width on console terminals which uses
CJK fixed width fonts. In order to cope with such situation, Hanzi Bitmap Font (HBF) File with
file extension ".hbf
" may be deployed for fonts
containing single-byte and double-byte characters.
In order to save space for TrueType font
files, TrueType font collection file with
file extension ".ttc
" may be used.
In order to cover complicated code space of characters, CID keyed PostScript Type 1 font is used with CMap files
starting themselves with "%!PS-Adobe-3.0 Resource-CMap
".
This is rarely used for normal X display but used for PDF rendering
etc. (see 第 7.7.2 节 “X utility applications”).
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提示 |
---|---|
The multiple glyphs are expected for some
Unicode code points due to Han unification. One of the most annoying
ones are "U+3001 IDEOGRAPHIC COMMA" and "U+3002 IDEOGRAPHIC FULL STOP" whose
character positions differ among CJK countries. Configuring priority of
Japanese centric fonts over Chinese ones using
" |
Here is a list of basic office applications (LO is LibreOffice).
表 7.8. List of basic X office applications
軟件包 | 流行度 | package size | 類型 | 說明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
libreoffice-writer
|
V:348, I:487 | 26094 | LO | word processor |
libreoffice-calc
|
V:342, I:482 | 23895 | LO | spreadsheet |
libreoffice-impress
|
V:339, I:478 | 3855 | LO | presentation |
libreoffice-base
|
V:329, I:463 | 6282 | LO | database management |
libreoffice-draw
|
V:340, I:479 | 8994 | LO | vector graphics editor (draw) |
libreoffice-math
|
V:343, I:484 | 1337 | LO | mathematical equation/formula editor |
abiword
|
V:10, I:19 | 4740 | GNOME | word processor |
gnumeric
|
V:16, I:27 | 7758 | GNOME | spreadsheet |
gimp
|
V:93, I:510 | 16255 | GTK | bitmap graphics editor (paint) |
inkscape
|
V:147, I:362 | 102751 | GNOME | vector graphics editor (draw) |
dia-gnome
|
V:7, I:11 | 20 | GNOME | flowchart and diagram editor |
planner
|
V:4, I:8 | 1170 | GNOME | project management |
calligrawords
|
V:1, I:7 | 6058 | KDE | word processor |
calligrasheets
|
V:1, I:7 | 14161 | KDE | spreadsheet |
calligrastage
|
V:0, I:6 | 4813 | KDE | presentation |
calligraplan
|
V:0, I:7 | 8507 | KDE | project management |
calligraflow
|
V:0, I:7 | 477 | KDE | flowchart and diagram editor |
kexi
|
V:1, I:7 | 7677 | KDE | database management |
karbon
|
V:1, I:7 | 3449 | KDE | vector graphics editor (draw) |
calligra-gemini
|
V:0, I:0 | 994 | KDE | bitmap graphics editor (paint) |
Here is a list of basic utility applications which caught my eyes.
表 7.9. List of basic X utility applications
軟件包 | 流行度 | package size | 類型 | 說明 |
---|---|---|---|---|
evince
|
V:197, I:380 | 1363 | GNOME | document(pdf) viewer |
okular
|
V:72, I:121 | 3935 | KDE | document(pdf) viewer |
calibre
|
V:8, I:36 | 50056 | KDE | e-book converter and library management |
fbreader
|
V:3, I:18 | 2907 | GTK | e-book reader |
evolution
|
V:44, I:309 | 426 | GNOME | Personal information Management (groupware and email) |
kontact
|
V:3, I:27 | 990 | KDE | Personal information Management (groupware and email) |
scribus
|
V:14, I:28 | 19136 | KDE | desktop page layout editor |
glabels
|
V:0, I:4 | 1345 | GNOME | label editor |
gnucash
|
V:4, I:15 | 9510 | GNOME | personal accounting |
homebank
|
V:0, I:3 | 738 | GTK | personal accounting |
kmymoney
|
V:0, I:3 | 13405 | KDE | personal accounting |
shotwell
|
V:17, I:145 | 5754 | GTK | digital photo organizer |
xsane
|
V:23, I:193 | 913 | GTK | scanner frontend |
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小心 |
---|---|
The |
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注意 |
---|---|
Installing softwares such as |
The X selection using 3 mouse buttons is the native clipboard feature of X (see 第 1.4.4 节 “Unix類型的鼠標操作”).
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提示 |
---|---|
Shift-Insert can work as the equivalent of the middle-mouse-button click. |
The modern Desktop Environments (GNOME, KDE, …) offer different clipboard system for the cut, copy, and paste using the left mouse button and keys (CTRL-X, CRTL-C, and CTRL-V).
xmodmap(1)
is a utility for modifying keymaps and pointer button mappings in the X
Window System. To get the keycode, run
xev(1)
in the X and press keys. To get the meaning of keysym, look into the MACRO definition in
"/usr/include/X11/keysymdef.h
" file
(x11proto-core-dev
package). All
"#define
" statements in this file are named as
"XK_
" prepended to keysym names.
Most traditional X client programs, such as xterm(1), can be started with a set of standard command line options to specify geometry, font, and display.
They also use the X resource database to configure their appearance. The
system-wide defaults of X resources are stored in
"/etc/X11/Xresources/*
" and application defaults of them
are stored in "/etc/X11/app-defaults/*
". Use these
settings as the starting points.
The "~/.Xresources
" file is used to store user resource
specifications. This file is automatically merged into the default X
resources upon login. To make changes to these settings and make them
effective immediately, merge them into the database using the following
command.
$ xrdb -merge ~/.Xresources
See x(7) and xrdb(1).
Learn everything about xterm(1) at http://dickey.his.com/xterm/xterm.faq.html.
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警告 |
---|---|
Never start the X display/session manager under the root account by typing
in |
Easy ways to run a particular X client, e.g. "foo
" as
root is to use
sudo(8)
etc. as the following.
$ sudo foo &
$ sudo -s # foo &
$ gksu foo &
$ ssh -X root@localhost # foo &
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小心 |
---|---|
Use of ssh(1) just for this purpose as above is waste of resource. |
In order for the X client to connect to the X server, please note the following.
Values of the old user's "$XAUTHORITY
" and
"$DISPLAY
" environment variables must be copied to the
new user's ones.
The file pointed by value of the "$XAUTHORITY
"
environment variable must be readable by the new user.
The gksu
package (popcon: V:57, I:298) is a specialized
GTK+ GUI package for gaining the root privileges. It can be configured to
use
su(1)
or
sudo(8)
as its backend depending on the "/apps/gksu/sudo-mode
"
gconf key. You can edit gconf key using
gconf-editor(1)
(menu: "Applications" → "System Tools" → "Configuration Editor").