t3(add-duration t1 t2)
t3(subtract-duration t1 t2)
t3
This document outlines the changes made to Chez Scheme for Version 9.5.4 since Version 8.4.
Version 9.5.4 is supported for the following platforms. The Chez Scheme machine type (returned by the machine-type procedure) is given in parentheses.
This document contains three sections describing significant (1) functionality changes, (2) bugs fixed, and (3) performance enhancements. A version number listed in parentheses in the header for a change indicates the first minor release or internal prerelease to support the change.
More information on Chez Scheme and Petite Chez Scheme can be found at http://www.scheme.com, and extensive documentation is available in The Scheme Programming Language, 4th edition (available directly from MIT Press or from online and local retailers) and the Chez Scheme Version 9 User's Guide. Online versions of both books can be found at http://www.scheme.com.
In previous versions of Chez Scheme, the collector always promoted surviving objects from every collected generation into a single target generation. For example, when the target generation was 3, it promoted not only surviving objects from generation 2 to generation 3 but also surviving objects from generations 0 and 1 directly to generation 3. This caused some prematurely promoted objects to be subjected to collection less frequently than their ages justified, potentially resulting in substantial inappropriate storage retention. This is particularly problematic when side effects result in pointers from the inappropriately retained objects to younger objects, as can happen with nonfunctional queues and lazy streams.
Unless directed to do otherwise, the collector now promotes objects up only one generation at a time. That is, generation 0 objects that survive collection are promoted to generation 1, generation 1 objects are promoted to generation 2, and so on. (Objects that survive a maximum nonstatic collection are promoted back into the maximum nonstatic collection.) Most applications should exhibit lower peak memory usage and possibly lower run times with this change. Applications that are adversely affected, if any, might benefit from a custom collect-request handler or custom values for the collection parameters that affect the behavior of the default handler.
Console I/O now supports characters from the Unicode Basic Multilingual Plane in Windows. Windows consoles do not yet support the supplementary planes.
The fasl (fast-load) format now supports per-object compression. Whether the fasl writer actually performs compression is determined by the new fasl-compressed parameter, whose value defaults to #t. The compression format and level are determined by the compress-format and compress-level parameters.
The compile-compressed parameter has been eliminated. Since compiled files are written in fasl format, the fasl-compressed parameter also now controls whether compiled files are compressed.
Because individual portions of a fasl file are already compressed by default, attempting to compress a fasl file as a whole is often ineffective as well as inefficient both when writing and reading fasl objects. Thus, in particular, the output-port and wpo-port supplied to compile-port and compile-to-port should not be opened for compression. Similarly, external tools should not expect compiled files to be compressed as a whole, nor should they compress compiled files.
Because compression of fasl files was previously encouraged and is now discouraged, the first attempt to write fasl data to or read fasl data from a compressed port will cause a warning to be issued, i.e., an exception with condition type &warning to be raised.
The rationale for this change is to allow the fasl reader to seek past, without reading, portions of an object file that contain compile-time code at run time and run-time code at compile time.
The procedure bytevector-compress now selects the level of compression based on the compress-level parameter. Prior to this it always used a default setting for compression.
The compress-level parameter can now take on the new value minimum in addition to low, medium, high, and maximum.
In previous versions of Chez Scheme, multiple object files could be combined by concatinating them into a single file. To support faster object file loading and loadability verification (described later in this document), recompile information and information about libraries and top-level programs within an object file is now placed at the top of the file. The new concatenate-object-files procedure can be used to combine multiple object files while moving this information to the top of the combined file.
The new procedure invoke-library can be used to force the evaluation of a library's body expressions (variable definition right-hand sides and initialization expresisons) before they might otherwise be needed. It is generally useful only for libraries whose body expressions have side effects.
The new procedure verify-loadability can be used to determine, without actually loading any object code or defining any libraries, whether a set of object files and the object files satisfying their library dependencies, direct or indirect, are present, readable, and mutually compatible.
To support loadability verification, information about libraries and top-level programs within an object file is now placed at the top of the file, just after recompile information. This change can be detected by unusual setups, e.g., a source file that interleaves library definitions and top-level forms that call library-list, but is backward compatible for standard use cases in which each file contains one or more libraries possibly followed by a top-level program.
The set of as-yet unresurrected objects registered with a guardian can be unregistered and retrieved by means of the new primitive unregister-guardian. Consult the user's guide for usage and caveats. Guardians can now be distinguished from other procedures (and other objects) via the new primitive guardian?.
When the new parameter generate-covin-files is set to #t rather than the default #f, file compilation routines such as compile-file and compile-library produce coverage information (.covin) files that can be used in conjunction with profile information to measure coverage of a source-code base. Coverage information is also written out when the optional covop argument is supplied to compile-port and compile-to-port.
A covin file contains a printed representation of a source table mapping each profiled source object in the code base to a count of zero. Source tables generally associate source objects with arbitrary values and are allocated and manipulated with hashtable-like operations specific to source tables.
Profile information can be tracked even through releasing and clearing of profile counters via the new procedure with-profile-tracker, which produces a source table.
Coverage of a source-code base can thus be achieved by comparing the set of source objects in the covin-file source tables for one or more source files with the set of source objects in the source tables produced by one or more runs of tests run with profile information tracked by with-profile-tracker.
As described in Section 4.3, importing a library from an object file now causes the object file to be visited rather than fully loaded. If the run-time information is needed, i.e., if the library is invoked, the file will be revisited. This is typically transparent to the program, but problems can arise if the program changes its current directory (via current-directory) prior to invoking a library, and the object file cannot be found.
As described in Section 4.3, all recompile information is now placed at the front of each object file where it can be read without the need to scan through the remainder of the file. Because the library manager expects to find recompile information at the front of an object file, it will not find all recompile information if object files are concatenated together via some mechanism other than then new concatenate-object-files procedure.
Also, the compiler has to hold in memory the object code for all expressions in a file so that it can emit the unified recompile information, rather than writing to the object file incrementally, which can significantly increase the memory required to compile a large file full of individual top-level forms. This does not affect top-level programs, which were already handled as a whole, or a typical library file that contains just a single library form.
It is now possible to direct fasl-read to read only visit (compile-time) or revisit (run-time) objects via the optional new situation argument. Situation visit causes the fasl reader to skip over revisit (run-time-only) objects, while revisit causes the fasl reader to skip over visit (compile-time-only) objects. Situation load doesn't skip over any objects.
In addition to the optional input-port argument, read-token now takes optional sfd (source-file-descriptor) and bfp (beginning-file-position) arguments. If either is provided, both must be provided. Specifying sfd and bfp improves the quality of error messages, guarantees the read-token start and end return values can be determined, and eliminates the overhead of asking for a file position on each call to read-token. bfp is normally 0 for the first call to read-token at the start of a file, and the end return value of the preceding call for each subsequent call.
Support for LZ4 compression has been added. LZ4 is now the default format when compressing files (including object files produced by the compiler) and bytevectors, while gzip is still supported and can be enabled by setting the new compress-format parameter to the symbol gzip instead of the default lz4. Reading in compressed mode infers the format, so reading gzip-compressed files will still work without changing compress-format. Reading LZ4-format files tends to be much faster than reading gzip-format files, while gzip-compressed files tend to be smaller. In particular, object files created by the compiler now tend to be larger but load more quickly.
The new compress-level parameter can be used to control the amount of time spent on file and bytevector compression. It can be set to one of the symbols minimum, low, medium, high, and maximum, which are listed in order from shortest to longest compression time and least to greatest effectiveness. The default value is medium.
The procedures make-mutex and make-condition now accept an optional argument name, which must be a symbol that identifies the object or f for no name. The name is printed every time the mutex or condition object is printed, which is useful for debugging.
The Chez Scheme Makefile has been enhanced with new targets for creating binary packages for Unix-like operating systems. The create-tarball target generates a binary tarball package for distribution, the create-rpm target generates a Linux RPM package, and the create-pkg target generates a macOS package file.
The new library-search-handler parameter controls how library source or object code is located when import, compile-whole-program, or compile-whole-library are used to load a library. The value of the library-search-handler parameter must be a procedure expecting four arguments: the who argument is a symbol that provides context in import-notify messages, the library argument is the name of the desired library, the directories is a list of source and object directory pairs in the form returned by library-directories, and the extensions parameter is a list of source and object extension pairs in the form returned by library-extensions. The default vaue of the library-search-handler is the newly exposed default-library-search-handler procedure.
Applications that manage memory outside the Scheme heap can leverage new support for ftype guardians to help perform reference counting. An ftype guardian is like an ordinary guardian except that it does not necessarily save from collection each ftype pointer registered with it but instead decrements (atomically) a reference count at the head of the object to which the ftype pointer points. If the reference count becomes zero as a result of the decrement, it preserves the object so that it can be retrieved from the guardian and freed; otherwise it allows it to be collected.
compile-whole-program and compile-whole-library now propagate recompile information from the named wpo file to the object file to support maybe-compile-program and maybe-compile-library in the case where the new object file overwrites the original object file.
The value of a compile-time value created by make-compile-time-value can be retrieved via the new procedure compile-time-value-value. The new predicate compile-time-value? can be used to determine if an object is a compile-time value.
The new hashtable-cells function is similar to hashtable-entries, but it returns a vector of cells instead of two vectors. An optional argument to hashtable-keys, hashtable-values, hashtable-entries, or hashtable-cells limits the size of the result vector.
Profile data is now retained indefinitely even for code objects that have been reclaimed by the garbage collector. Previously, the counters holding the data were reclaimed by the collector along with the code objects. This makes profile output more complete and accurate, but it does represent a potential space leak in programs that create or load and release code dynamically. Such programs can avoid the potential space leak by releasing the counters explicitly via the new procedure profile-release-counters.
When generate-inspector-information is set to #f and generate-procedure-source-information is set to #t, source location information is preserved for a procedure, even though other inspector information is not preserved.
The new procedures box-cas! and vector-cas! atomically update a box or vector with a given new value when the current content is eq? to a given old value. Atomicity is guaranteed even if multiple threads attempt to update the same box or vector.
A new __collect_safe foreign-procedure convention, which can be combined with other conventions, causes a foreign-procedure call to deactive the current thread during the call so that other threads can perform a garbage collection. Similarly, the __collect_safe convention modifier for callables causes the current thread to be activated on entry to the callable, and the activation state is reverted on exit from the callable; this activation makes callables work from threads that are otherwise unknown to the Scheme system.
A new collect-rendezvous function performs a garbage collection in the same way as when the system determines that a collection should occur. For many purposes, collect-rendezvous is a variant of collect that works when multiple threads are active. More precisely, the collect-rendezvous function invokes the collect-request handler (in an unspecified thread) after synchronizing all active threads and temporarily deactivating all but the one used to call the collect-request handler.
A new (& ftype) form allows a struct or union to be passed between Scheme and a foreign procedure. The Scheme-side representation of a (& ftype) argument is the same as a (* ftype) argument, but where (& ftype) passes an address between the Scheme and C worlds, (& ftype) passes a copy of the data at the address. When (& ftype) is used as a result type, an extra (* ftype) argument must be provided to receive the copied result, and the directly returned result is unspecified.
Several new procedures and parameters allow a program to control what equal? and equal-hash do when applied to structures containing record instances. The procedures record-type-equal-procedure and record-type-hash-procedure can be used to customize the handling of records of specific types by equal? and hash, and the procedures record-equal-procedure and record-hash-procedure can be used to look up the applicable (possibly inherited) equality and hashing procedures for specific record instances. The parameters default-record-equal-procedure and default-record-hash-procedure can be used to control the default behavior when comparing or hashing records without type-specific equality and hashing procedures.
Support for immutable vectors, fxvectors, bytevectors, strings, and boxes has been added. Immutable vectors are created via vector->immutable-vector, and immutable fxvectors, bytevectors, and strings are created by similarly named procedures. Immutable boxes are created via box-immutable. Any attempt to modify an immutable object causes an exception to be raised.
Support for ephemeron pairs has been added, along with eq and eqv hashtables that use ephemeron pairs to combine keys and values. An ephemeron pair avoids the "key in value" problem of weak pairs, where a weakly held key is paired to a value that refers back to the key, in which case the key remains reachable as long as the pair is reachable. In an ephemeron pair, the cdr of the pair is not considered reachable by the garbage collector until both the pair and the car of the pair have been found reachable. An ephemeron hashtable implements a weak mapping where referencing a key in a value does not prevent the mapping from being removed from the table.
The condition-wait procedure now takes an optional timeout argument and returns a boolean indicating whether the thread was awakened by the condition before the timeout. The timeout can be a time record of type time-duration or time-utc, or it can be #f for no timeout (the default).
The new primitive procedures date-dst? and date-zone-name access time-zone information for a date record that is created without an explicit zone offset. The zone-offset argument to make-date is now optional.
The new primitive procedure procedure-arity-mask takes a procedure p and returns a two's complement bitmask representing the argument counts accepted by p. For example, the arity mask for a two-argument procedure such as cons is 4 (only bit two set), while the arity mask for a procedure that accepts one or more arguments, such as list*, is -2 (all but bit 0 set).
The new primitive procedures bytevector-compress and bytevector-decompress exposes for bytevectors the kind of compression functionality that is used for files with the compressed option.
The locate-source function accepts an optional argument that enables the use of a cache for line information, so that a source file does not have to be consulted each time to compute line information. To further avoid file and caching issues, a source object has optional beginning-line and beginning-column components. Source objects with line and column components take more space, but they allow reporting of line and column information even if a source file is later modified or becomes unavailable. The value of the current-make-source-object parameter is used by the reader to construct source objects for programs, and the parameter can be modified to collect line and column information eagerly. The value of the current-locate-source-object-source parameter is used for error reporting, instead of calling locate-source or locate-source-object-source directly, so that just-in-time source-location lookup can be adjusted, too.
When running on Windows 8 and up, Chez Scheme uses the high-precision clock time function for the current date and time.
Chez Scheme extends the syntax of identifiers as described in the introduction to the Chez Scheme User's Guide, except within forms prefixed by #!r6rs, which is implied by in a library or top-level program. Prior to Version 9.5, the printer always printed such identifiers using hex scalar value escapes as necessary to render them with valid R6RS identifier syntax. When the new parameter print-extended-identifiers is set to #t, these identifiers are printed without escapes, e.g., 1+ prints as 1+ rather than as \x31;+. The default value of this parameter is #f.
The expression editor now supports Unicode characters under Linux and MacOS X except that combining characters are not treated correctly for line-wrapping.
compile-whole-program now supports incomplete whole-program optimization, i.e., whole program optimization that incorporates only libraries for which wpo files are available while leaving separate libraries for which only object files are available. In addition, imported libraries can be left visible for run-time use by the environment procedure or for dynamically loaded object files that might require them. The new procedure compile-whole-library supports the combination of groups of libraries separate from programs and unconditionally leaves all imported libraries visible.
The total size of the fields within an ftype bits can now be 24, 40, 48, or 56 (as well as 8, 16, 32, and 64).
Object counting (see object-counts below) is now enabled for all collections targeting the static generation.
Previously, the output of profile-dump was not specified. It is now specified to be a list of source-object, profile-count pairs. In addition, profile-dump-html, profile-dump-list, and profile-dump-data all now take an optional dump argument, which is a list of source-object, profile-count pairs in the form returned by profile-dump and defaults to the current value of (profile-dump).
With these changes, it is now possible to obtain a dump from profile-dump in one process, and write it to a fasl file (using fasl-write) for subsequent off-line processing in another process, where it can be read from the fasl file (using fasl-read) and processed using profile-dump-html, profile-dump-list, profile-dump-data or some custom mechanism.
A new parameter, release-minimum-generation, determines when the collector attempts to return unneeded virtual memory to the O/S. It defaults to the value of collect-maximum-generation, so the collector attempts to return memory to the O/S only when performing a maximum-generation collection. It can be set to a lower generation number to cause the collector to do so for younger generations we well.
The vector-based sstats structure has been replaced with a record type. The time fields are all time objects, and the bytes and count fields are now exact integers. time-difference no longer coerces negative results to zero.
With the extensions to compile-whole-program and the addition of compile-whole-library, as described above, support for whole-program and whole-library optimization now subsumes the functionality of the experimental library-group form, and the form has been eliminated. This is an incompatible change.
Prior to Version 8, the semantics of the interaction environment used by the read-eval-print loop (REPL), aka waiter, and by load, compile, and interpret without explicit environment arguments treated all variables in the environment as mutable, including those bound to primitives. This meant that top-level references to primitive names could not be optimized by the compiler because their values might change at run time, except that, at optimize-level 2 and above, the compiler did treat primitive names as always having their original values.
In Version 8 and subsequent versions, primitive bindings in the interaction environment are immutable, as if imported directly from the immutable Scheme environment. That is, they cannot be assigned, although they can be replaced with new bindings with a top-level definition.
To provide temporary backward compatibility, the --revert-interaction-semantics command-line option and revert-interaction-semantics parameter allowed programmers to revert the interaction environment to Version 7 semantics. This functionality has now been eliminated and along with it the special treatment of primitive bindings at optimize level 2 and above.
This is an incompatible change.
Version 9.3.1 augments existing support for explicit source-code annotations with additional features targeted at source profiling for externally generated programs, including programs generated by language front ends that target Scheme and use Chez Scheme as the back end. Included is a profile expression that explicitly associates a specified source object with a profile count (of times the expression is evaluated), generate-profile-forms parameter that controls whether the compiler (also) associates profile counts with source locations implicitly identified by annotated expressions in the input, and a finer-grained method for marking whether an individual annotation should be used for debugging, profiling, or both.
When compile-imported-libraries is set to #t, libraries required indirectly by one of the file-compilation procedures, e.g., compile-library, compile-program, and compile-file, are automatically compiled if and only if the object file is not present, older than the source (main and include) files, or some library upon which they depend has been or needs to be recompiled.
Version 9.3.1 adds three new procedures: maybe-recompile-library, maybe-recompile-program, and maybe-recompile-file, that perform a similar analysis and compile the library, program, or file only under similar circumstances.
Three new primitives have been added to allow a Scheme process to track usage of virtual memory for its heap.
current-memory-bytes returns the total number of bytes of virtual memory used or reserved to represent the Scheme heap. This differs from bytes-allocated, which returns the number of bytes currently occupied by Scheme objects. current-memory-bytes additionally includes memory used for heap management as well as memory held in reserve to satisfy future allocation requests.
maximum-memory-bytes returns the maximum number of bytes of virtual memory occupied or reserved for the Scheme heap by the calling process since the last call to reset-maximum-memory-bytes! or, if reset-maximum-memory-bytes! has never been called, since system start-up.
reset-maximum-memory-bytes! resets the maximum memory bytes to the current memory bytes.
The character sets, character classes, and word-breaking algorithms for character, string, and Unicode-related bytevector operations have now been updated to Unicode 7.0.
Support for running Chez Scheme on 32-bit PowerPC processors running Linux has been added, with machines type ppc32le (nonthreaded) and tppc32le (threaded). C code intended to be linked with these versions of the system should be compiled using the GNU C compiler's -m32 option.
The printed representation of a procedure now includes the source file and beginning file position when available.
The default exception handler now catches I/O exceptions that occur when it attempts to display a condition and, if an I/O exception does occur, resets as if by calling the reset procedure. The intent is to avoid an infinite regression (ultimately ending in exhaustion of memory) in which the process repeatedly recurs back to the default exception handler trying to write to a console-error port (typically stderr) that is no longer writable, e.g., due to the other end of a pipe or socket having been closed.
The header file scheme.h distributed with Chez Scheme now includes several new lock-related macros: INITLOCK (corresponding to ftype-init-lock!), SPINLOCK (ftype-spin-lock!), UNLOCK (ftype-unlock!), LOCKED_INCR (ftype-locked-incr!), and LOCKED_DECR (ftype-locked-decr!). All take a pointer to an iptr or uptr. LOCKED_INCR and LOCKED_DECR also take an lvalue argument that is set to true (nonzero) if the result of the increment or decrement is zero, otherwise false (zero).
The new procedure compile-to-file is similar to compile-to-port with the output port replaced with an output pathname.
Version 9.2 includes support for whole-program optimization of a top-level program and the libraries upon which it depends at run time based on "wpo" (whole-program-optimization) files produced as a byproduct of compiling the program and libraries when the parameter generate-wpo-files is set to #t. The new procedure compile-whole-program takes as input a wpo file for a top-level program, combines it with the wpo files for any libraries the program requires at run time, and produces a single object file containing a self-contained program. In so doing, it discards unused code and optimizes across program and library boundaries, potentially reducing program load time, run time, and memory requirements.
compile-file, compile-program, compile-library, and compile-script produce wpo files as well as ordinary object files when the new generate-wpo-files parameter is set to #t (the default is #f). compile-port and compile-to-port do so when passed an optional wpo output port.
A new set of primitives that operate on symbol hashtables has been added:
symbol-hashtable?
symbol-hashtable-ref
symbol-hashtable-set!
symbol-hashtable-contains?
symbol-hashtable-cell
symbol-hashtable-update!
symbol-hashtable-delete!
These are like their generic counterparts but operate only on symbol hashtables, i.e., hashtables created with symbol-hash as the hash function and eq?, eqv?, equal?, or symbol=? as the equivalence function.
These primitives are more efficient at optimize-level 3 than their generic counterparts when both are applied to symbol hashtables. The performance of symbol hashtables has been improved even when the new operators are not used (Section 4.18).
strip-fasl-file can now strip fasl files created for a machine type other than the machine type of the calling process as long as the Chez Scheme version is the same.
The new procedure source-file-descriptor can be used to construct a custom source-file descriptor or reconstruct a source-file descriptor from values previously extracted from another source-file descriptor. It takes two arguments: a string path and exact nonnegative integer checksum and returns a new source-file descriptor.
The new procedure locate-source can be used to determine a full path, line number, and character position from a source-file descriptor and file position. It accepts two arguments: a source-file descriptor sfd and an exact nonnegative integer file position fp. It returns zero values if the unmodified file is not found in the source directories and three values (string path, exact nonnegative integer line, and exact nonnegative integer char) if the file is found.
Support for creating and handling files that begin with uncompressed data and end with compressed data has been added in the form of the new procedure port-file-compressed! that takes a port and if not already set up to read or write compressed data, sets it up to do so. The port must be a file port pointing to a regular file, i.e., a file on disk rather than a socket or pipe, and the port must not be an input/output port. The port can be a binary or textual port. If the port is an output port, subsequent output sent to the port will be compressed. If the port is an input port, subsequent input will be decompressed if and only if the port is currently pointing at compressed data.
When the parameter compile-compressed is set ot #t, the compile-script and compile-program procedures take advantage of this functionality to copy the #! prefix, if present in the source file, uncompressed in the object file while compressing the object code emitted for the program, thus reducing the size of the resulting file without preventing the #! line from being read and interpreted properly by the operating system.
In previous releases, when an object file was found before the corresponding source file in the library directories, the object file was older, and the parameter compile-imported-libraries was not set, the object file was loaded rather than the source file. The (newer) source file is now loaded instead, just as it would be if the source file is found before the corresponding, older object file. This is an incompatible change.
strip-fasl-file now supports stripping of all compile-time information and no longer supports stripping of just library visit code. Stripping all compile-time information nearly always results in smaller object files than stripping just library visit code, with a corresponding reduction in the memory required when the resulting file is loaded.
To reflect this, the old fasl-strip option library-visit-code has been eliminated, and the new fasl-strip option compile-time-information has been added. This is an incompatible change in that code that previously used the fasl-strip option library-visit-code will have to be modified to omit the option or to replace it with compile-time-information.
Visiting (via visit) a library no longer loads the library's run-time information (invoke dependencies and invoke code), and revisiting (via revisit) a library no longer loads the library's compile-time information (import and visit dependencies and import and visit code).
When a library is invoked due to a run-time dependency of another library or a top-level program on the library, the library is now "revisited" (as if via revisit) rather than "loaded" (as if via load). As a result, the compile-time information is not loaded, which can result in substantial reductions in both library invocation time and memory footprint.
If a library is revisited, either explicitly or as the result of run-time dependency, a subsequent import of the library causes it to be "visited" (as if via visit) if the same object file can be found at the same path and the visit code has not been stripped. The compile-time code can alternatively be loaded explicitly from the same or a different file via a direct call to visit.
While this change is mostly transparent (ignoring the reduced invocation time and memory footprint), it is an incompatible change in the sense that the system potentially reads the file twice and can run code that is marked using eval-when as both visit and revisit code.
Version 9.1 includes support for a new heap inspection tool that allows a programmer to look for objects in the heap according to arbitrary predicates. The new procedure make-object-finder takes a predicate pred and two optional arguments: a starting point x and a maximum generation g. The starting point defaults to the value of the procedure oblist, and the maximum generation defaults to the value of the parameter collect-maximum-generation. make-object-finder returns an object finder p that can be used to search for objects satisfying pred within the starting-point object x. Immediate objects and objects in generations older than g are treated as leaves. p is a procedure accepting no arguments. If an object y satisfying pred can be found starting with x, p returns a list whose first element is y and whose remaining elements represent the path of objects from x to y, listed in reverse order. p can be invoked multiple times to find additional objects satisfying the predicate, if any. p returns #f if no more objects matching the predicate can be found.
p maintains internal state recording where it has been so that it can restart at the point of the last found object and not return the same object twice. The state can be several times the size of the starting-point object x and all that is reachable from x.
The interactive inspector provides a convenient interface to the object finder in the form of find and find-next commands. The find command evaluates its first argument, which should evaluate to the desired predicate, and treats its second argument, if present, as the maximum generation, overriding the default. The starting point x is the object upon which the inspector is currently focused. If an object is found, the inspector's new focus is the found object, the parent focus (obtainable via the up command) is the first element in the (reversed) path, the parent's parent is the next element, and so on up to x. The find-next command repeats the last find, as if by an explicit invocation of the same object finder.
Relocation tables for static code objects are discarded by default, which prevents object finders from providing accurate results when static code objects are involved. That is, they will not find any objects pointed to directly from a code object that has been promoted to the static generation. If this is a problem, the command-line argument --retain-static-relocation can be used to prevent the relocation tables from being discarded.
The new procedure object-counts can be used to determine, for each type of object, the number and size in bytes of objects of that type in each generation. Its return value has the following structure:
((type (generation count . bytes) ...) ...)
type is either the name of a primitive type, represented as a symbol, e.g., pair, or a record-type descriptor (rtd). generation is a nonnegative fixnum between 0 and the value of (collect-maximum-generation), inclusive, or the symbol static representing the static generation. count and bytes are nonnegative fixnums.
Object counts are accurate for a generation n immediately after a collection of generation n or higher if enabled during that collection. Object counts are enabled by setting the parameter enable-object-counts to #t. The command-line option --enable-object-counts can be used to set this parameter to #t on startup. Object counts are not enabled by default since it adds overhead to garbage collection.
To make the information more useful in the presence of ftype pointers, the ftype descriptors produced by define-ftype for each defined ftype now carry the name of the ftype rather than a generic name like ftd-struct. (Ftype descriptors are subtypes of record-type descriptors and can appear as types in the object-counts return value.)
To simplify interaction with tools that naively expose multiple-character end-of-line sequences such as CRLF as separate characters to the user, the native end-of-line style (native-eol-style) is now none on all machine types. This is an incompatible change.
In previous releases, the library-requirements procedure returns a list of all libraries required by the specified library, whether they are needed when the specified library is imported, visited, or invoked. While this remains the default behavior, library-requirements now takes an optional "options" argument. This must be a library-requirements-options enumerations set, i.e., the value of a library-requirements-options form with some subset of the options import, visit@visit, invoke@visit, and invoke. import includes the libraries that must be imported when the specified library is imported; visit@visit includes the libraries that must be visited when the specified library is visited; invoke@visit includes the libraries that must be invoked when the specified library is visited; and invoke includes the libraries that must be invoked when the specified library is invoked. The default behavior is obtained by supplying a enumeration set containing all of these options.
Two new procedures, compute-size and compute-composition, can be used to determine the size and make-up of nested objects with the heap.
Both take an object and an optional generation. The generation must be a fixnum between 0 and the value of (collect-maximum-generation), inclusive, or the symbol static. It defaults to the value of (collect-maximum-generation).
compute-size returns the number of bytes occupied by the object and everything to which it points, ignoring objects in generations older than the specified generation.
compute-composition returns an association list giving the number and number of bytes of each type of object that the specified object is constructed from, ignoring objects in generations older than the specified generation. The association list maps type names (e.g., pair and flonum) or record-type descriptors to a pair of fixnums giving the count and bytes. Types with zero counts are not included in the list.
A surprising number of objects effectively point indirectly to a large percentage of all objects in the heap due to the attachment of top-level environment bindings to symbols, but the generation argument can be used in combination with explicit calls to collect (with automatic collections disabled) to measure precisely how much space is allocated to freshly allocated structures.
When used directly from the REPL with no other threads running, (compute-size (oblist) 'static) effectively gives the size of the entire heap, and (compute-composition (oblist) 'static) effectively gives the composition of the entire heap.
The inspector makes the aggregate size of an object similarly available through the size inspector-object message and the corresponding size interactive-inspector command, with the twist that it does not include objects whose sizes were previously requested in the same session, making it possible to see the effectively smaller sizes of what the programmer perceives to be substructures in shared and cyclic structures.
These procedures potentially allocate a large amount of memory and so should be used only when the information returned by the procedure object-counts (see preceding entry) does not suffice.
Relocation tables for static code objects are discarded by default, which prevents these procedures from providing accurate results when static code objects are involved. That is, they will not find any objects pointed to directly from a code object that has been promoted to the static generation. If accurate sizes and compositions for static code objects are required, the command-line argument --retain-static-relocation can be used to prevent the relocation tables from being discarded.
When the parameter expand-output is set to a textual output port, the output of the expander is printed to the port as a side effect of running compile, interpret, or any of the file compiling primitives, e.g., compile-file or compile-library. Similarly, when the parameter expand/optimize-output is set to a textual output port, the output of the source optimizer is printed.
When undefined-variable-warnings is set to #t, the compiler issues a warning message whenever it cannot determine that a variable bound by letrec, letrec*, or an internal definition will not be referenced before it is defined. The default value is #f.
Regardless of the setting of this parameter, the compiler inserts code to check for the error, except at optimize level 3. The check is fairly inexpensive and does not typically inhibit inlining or other optimizations. In code that must be carefully tuned, however, it is sometimes useful to reorder bindings or make other changes to eliminate the checks. Enabling this warning can facilitate this process.
The checks are also visible in the output of expand/optimize.
When the new boolean parameter require-nongenerative-clause is set to #t, a define-record-type without a nongenerative clause is treated as a syntax error. This allows the programmer to detect accidental use of generative record types. Generative record types are rarely useful and are less efficient than nongenerative types, since generative record types require the construction of a record-type-descriptor each time a define-record-type form is evaluated rather than once, at compile time. To support the rare need for a generative record type while still allowing accidental generativity to be detected, define-record-type has been extended to allow a generative record type to be explicitly declared with a nongenerative clause with #f for the uid, i.e., (nongenerative #f).
Cross-compilation support has been improved in two ways: (1) it is now possible to cross-compile a library and import it later in a separate process for cross-compilation of dependent libraries, and (2) the code produced for the target machine when cross compiling is no longer less efficient than code produced natively on the target machine.
Support for running Chez Scheme on ARMv6 processors running Linux has been added, with machine type arm32le (32-bit nonthreaded). C code intended to be linked with these versions of the system should be compiled using the GNU C compiler's -m32 option.
When available at compile time, source information is now included in run-time error messages produced when ftype-&ref, ftype-ref, ftype-set!, and the locked ftype operations are handed invalid inputs, e.g., ftype pointers of some unexpected type, RHS values of some unexpected type, or improper indices.
When passed a single top-level-program form, compile-to-port now returns a list of the libraries the top-level program requires at run time, as with compile-program. Otherwise, the return value is unspecified.
When make-record-type or make-record-type-descriptor detect an incompatibility between two record types with the same UID, the resulting error messages provide more information to describe the mismatch, i.e., whether the parent, fields, flags, or mutability differ.
When a library is compiled, information is stored with the object code to enable propagation of constants and inlining of procedures defined in the library into dependent libraries. The new parameter enable-cross-library-optimization, whose value defaults to #t, can be set to #f to prevent this information from being stored and disable the corresponding optimizations. This might be done to reduce the size of the object files or to reduce the potential for exposure of near-source information via the object file.
The new procedure strip-fasl-file allows the removal of source information of various sorts from a compiled object (fasl) file produced by compile-file or one of the other file compiling procedures. It also allows removal of library visit code, i.e., the code required to compile (but not run) dependent libraries.
strip-fasl-file accepts three arguments: an input pathname, and output pathname, and a fasl-strip-options enumeration set, created by fasl-strip-options with zero or more of the following options.
The bound of an ftype array can now be zero and, when zero, is treated as unbounded in the sense that no run-time upper-bound checks are performed for accesses to the array. This simplifies the creation of ftype arrays whose actual bounds are determined dynamically.
In previous releases, profile and inspector source information was gathered and stored together so that compiling with profiling enabled required that inspector information also be stored with each code object. This is no longer the case.
case now uses member rather than memv for key comparisons, a generalization that allows case to be used for strings, lists, vectors, etc., rather than just atomic values. This adds no overhead when keys are comparable with memv, since the compiler converts calls to member into calls to memv (or memq, or even individual inline pointer comparisons) when it can determine the more expensive test is not required.
The case syntax exported by the (rnrs) and (rnrs base) libraries still uses memv for compatibility with the R6RS standard.
The write and display procedures now recognize foreign addresses that happen to look like Scheme objects and print them as #<foreign>; previously, write and display would attempt to treat the addresses as Scheme objects, typically leading to invalid memory references. Some foreign addresses are indistinguishable from fixnums and still print as fixnums.
Compiled code can be instrumented to gather two kinds of execution counts, source-level and block-level, via different settings of the compile-profile parameter. When compile-profile is set to the symbol source at compile time, source execution counts are gathered by the generated code, and when compile-profile is set to block, block execution counts are gathered. Setting it to #f (the default) disables instrumentation.
Source counts are identical to the source counts gathered by generated code in previous releases when compiled with compile-profile set to #t, and #t can be still be used in place of source for backward compatibility. Source counts can be viewed by the programmer at the end of the run of the generated code via profile-dump-list and profile-dump-html.
Block counts are per basic block. Basic blocks are individual sequences of straight-line code and are the building blocks of the machine code generated by the compiler. Counting the number of times a block is executed is thus equivalent to counting the number of times the instructions within it are executed.
There is no mechanism for the programmer to view block counts, but both block counts and source counts can now be saved after a sample run of the generated code for use in guiding various optimizations during a subsequent compilation of the same code.
The source counts can be used by "profile-aware macros," i.e., macros whose expansion is guided by profiling information. A profile-aware macro can use profile information to optimize the code it produces. For example, a macro defining an abstract datatype might choose representations and algorithms based on the frequencies of its operations. Similarly, a macro, like case, that performs a set of disjoint tests might choose to order those tests based on which are most likely to succeed. Indeed, the built-in case now does just that. A new syntactic form, exclusive-cond, abstracts a common use case for profile-aware macros.
The block counts are used to guide certain low-level optimizations, such as block ordering and register allocation.
The procedure profile-dump-data writes to a specified file the profile data collected during the run of a program compiled with compile-profile set to either source or block. It is similar to profile-dump-list or profile-dump-html but stores the profile data in a machine readable form.
The procedure profile-load-data loads one or more files previously created by profile-dump-data into an internal database.
The database associates weights with source locations or blocks, where a weight is a flonum representing the ratio of the location's count versus the maximum count. When multiple profile data sets are loaded, the weights for each location are averaged across the data sets.
The procedure profile-query-weight accepts a source object and returns the weight associated with the location identified by the source object, or #f if no weight is associated with the location. This procedure is intended to be used by a profile-aware macro on pieces of its input to optimize code based on profile data previously stored by profile-dump-data and loaded by profile-load-data.
The procedure profile-clear-data clears the database.
The new exclusive-cond syntax is similar to cond except it assumes the tests performed by the clauses are disjoint and reorders them based on available profiling data. Because the tests might be reordered, the order in which side effects of the test expressions occur is undefined. The built-in case form is implemented in terms of exclusive-cond.
A new foreign type, ssize_t, is now supported. It is the signed analogue of size_t.
When make-guardian is passed a second, representative, argument, the representative is returned from the guardian in place of the guarded object when the guarded object is no longer accessible.
A library initially imported from an object file is now reimported from source when a dependency (another library or include file) has changed since the library was compiled.
The expression editor now performs filename- rather than command-completion within string constants. It looks only at the current line to determine whether the cursor is within a string constant; this can lead to the wrong kind of command completion for strings that cross line boundaries.
The built in ftype ftype-lock has been eliminated along with the corresponding procedures, acquire-lock, release-lock, and initialize-lock. This is an incompatible change, although defining ftype-lock and the associated procedures is straightforward using the forms described below.
The functionality has been replaced and generalized by four new syntactic forms that operate on lock fields wherever they appear within a foreign type:
(ftype-init-lock! T (a ...) e)
(ftype-lock! T (a ...) e)
(ftype-spin-lock! T (a ...) e)
(ftype-unlock! T (a ...) e)
The access chain a ... must specify a word-size integer represented using the native endianness, i.e., a uptr or iptr. It is a syntax violation when this is not the case.
For each of the forms, the expression e is evaluated first and must evaluate to a ftype pointer p of type T.
ftype-init-lock! initializes the specified field of the foreign object to which p points, puts the field into the unlocked state, and returns an unspecified value.
If the field is in the unlocked state, ftype-lock! puts it into the locked state and returns #t. If the field is already in the locked state, ftype-lock! returns #f.
ftype-spin-lock! loops until the lock is in the unlocked state, then puts it into the locked state and returns an unspecified value. This operation will never return if no other thread or process unlocks the field, causing interrupts and requests for collection to be ignored.
Finally, ftype-unlock puts the field into the unlocked state (regardless of the current state) and returns an unspecified value.
An additional pair of syntactic forms can be used when just an atomic increment or decrement is required:
(ftype-locked-incr! T (a ...) e)
(ftype-locked-decr! T (a ...) e)
As for the first set of forms, the access chain a ... must specify a word-size integer represented using the native endianness.
The new procedure ftype-pointer-null? can be used to compare the address of its single argument, which must be an ftype pointer, against 0. It returns #t if the address is 0 and #f otherwise. Similarly, ftype-pointer=? can be used to compare the addresses of two ftype-pointer arguments. It returns #t if the address are the same and #f otherwise.
These are potentially more efficient than extracting ftype-pointer addresses first, which might result in bignum allocation for addresses outside the fixnum range, although the compiler also now tries to avoid allocation when the result of a call to ftype-pointer-address is directly compared with 0 or with the result of another call to ftype-pointer-address, as described in Section 4.25.
gensym now accepts a second optional argument, the unique name to use. It must be a string and should not be used by any other gensym intended to be distinct from the new gensym.
In previous releases, collection times as reported by statistics or printed by display-statistics were gathered internally with millisecond granularity at each collection, possibly leading to significant inaccuracies over the course of many collections. They are now maintained using high-resolution timers with generally much better accuracy.
New time types time-collector-cpu and time-collector-real have been added. When current-time is passed one of these types, a time object of the specified type is returned and represents the time (cpu or real) spent during collection.
Previously, this information was available only via the statistics or display-statistics procedures, and then with lower precision.
Three new storage-management introspection procedures have been added:
(collections)
(initial-bytes-allocated)
(bytes-deallocated)
collections returns the number of collections performed so far by the current Scheme process.
initial-bytes-allocated returns the number of bytes allocated after loading the boot files and before running any non-boot user code.
bytes-deallocated returns the total number of bytes deallocated by the collector.
Previously, this information was available only via the statistics or display-statistics procedures.
Three new procedures for performing arithmetic on time objects have been added, per SRFI 19:
(time-difference t1 t2) t3
(add-duration t1 t2) t3
(subtract-duration t1 t2) t3
time-difference takes two time objects t1 and t2, which must have the same time type, and returns the result of subtracting t2 from t1, represented as a new time object with type time-duration. add-duration adds time object t2, which must be of type time-duration, to time object t1, producing a new time object t3 with the same type as t1. subtract-duration subtracts time object t2 which must be of type time-duration, from time object t1, producing a new time object t3 with the same type as t1.
SRFI 19 also names destructive versions of these operators:
(time-difference! t1 t2) t3
(add-duration! t1 t2) t3
(subtract-duration! t1 t2) t3
These are available as well in Chez Scheme but are actually nondestructive, i.e., entirely equivalent to the nondestructive versions.
The compiler now collects and reports profile counts for every source expression that is not determined to be dead either at compile time or by the time the profile information is obtained via profile-dump-list or profile-dump-html. Previously, the compiler suppressed profile counts for constants and variable references in contexts where the information was likely (though not guaranteed) to be redundant, and it dropped profile counts for some forms that were optimized away, such as inlined calls, folded calls, or useless code. Furthermore, profile counts now uniformly represent the number of times a source expression's evaluation was started, which was not always the case before.
A small related enhancement has been made in the HTML output produced by profile-dump-html. Hovering over a source expression now shows, in addition to the count, the starting position (line number and character) of the source expression to which the count belongs. This is useful for identifying when a source expression does not have its own count but instead inherits the count (and color) from an enclosing expression.
A limited set of virtual registers is now supported by the compiler for use by programs that require high-speed, global, and mutable storage locations. Referencing or assigning a virtual register is potentially faster and never slower than accessing an assignable local or global variable, and the code sequences for doing so are generally smaller. Assignment is potentially significantly faster because there is no need to track pointers from the virtual registers to young objects, as there is for variable locations that might reside in older generations. On threaded versions of the system, virtual registers are "per thread" and thus serve as thread-local storage in a manner that is less expensive than thread parameters.
The interface consists of three procedures:
(virtual-register-count) returns the number of virtual registers. As of this writing, the count is set at 16. This number is fixed, i.e., cannot be changed except by recompiling Chez Scheme from source.
(set-virtual-register! k x) stores x in virtual register k. k must be a fixnum between 0 (inclusive) and the value of (virtual-register-count) (exclusive).
(virtual-register k) returns the value most recently stored in virtual register k (on the current thread, in threaded versions of the system).
To get the fastest possible speed out of the latter two procedures, k should be a constant embedded right in the call (or propagatable via optimization to the call). To avoid putting these constants in the source code, programmers should consider using identifier macros to give names to virtual registers, e.g.:
(define-syntax foo
(identifier-syntax
[id (virtual-register 0)]
[(set! id e) (set-virtual-register! 0 e)]))
(set! foo 'hello)
foo hello
Virtual-registers must be treated as an application-level resource, i.e., libraries intended to be used by multiple applications should generally not use virtual registers to avoid conflicts with the applications use of the registers.
Support for storing and extracting 24-, 40-, 48-, and 56-bit integers to and from records, bytevectors, and foreign types (ftypes) has been added. For records and ftypes, this is accomplished by declaring a field to be of type integer-24, unsigned-24, integer-40, unsigned-40, integer-48, unsigned-48, integer-56, or unsigned-56. For bytevectors, this is accomplished via the following new primitives:
bytevector-24-ref
bytevector-24-set!
bytevector-40-ref
bytevector-40-set!
bytevector-48-ref
bytevector-48-set!
bytevector-56-ref
bytevector-56-set!
Similarly, support has been added for sending and receiving 24-, 40-, 48-, and 56-bit integers to and from foreign code via foreign-procedure and foreign-callable. Arguments and return values of type integer-24 and unsigned-24 are passed as 32-bit quantities, while those of type integer-40, unsigned-40, integer-48, unsigned-48, integer-56, and unsigned-56 are passed as 64-bit quantities.
For unpacked ftypes, a 48-bit (6-byte) quantity is aligned on an even two-byte boundary, while a 24-bit (3-byte), 40-bit (5-byte), or 56-bit (7-byte) quantity is aligned on an arbitrary byte boundary.
A pariah expression:
(pariah expr expr ...)
is syntactically similar and semantically equivalent to a begin expression but tells the compiler that the expressions within are relatively unlikely to be executed. This information is currently used by the compiler for prioritizing allocation of registers to variables and for putting pariah code out-of-line in an attempt to reduce instruction cache misses for the remaining code.
A pariah form is generally most usefully wrapped around the consequent or alternative of an if expression to identify which is the less likely path.
The compiler implicitly treats as pariah code any code that leads up to an unconditional call to raise, error, errorf, assertion-violation, etc., so it is not necessary to wrap a pariah around such a call.
At some point, there will likely be an option for gathering similar information automatically via profiling. In the meantime, we are interested in feedback about whether the mechanism is beneficial and whether the benefit of using the pariah form outweighs the programming overhead.
Local imports within a library now trigger automatic recompilation of the library when the imported library has been recompiled or needs to be recompiled, in the same manner as imports listed directly in the importing library's library form. Changes in include files also trigger automatic recompilation.
(Automatic recompilation of a library is enabled when an import of the library, e.g., in another library or in a top-level program, is compiled and the parameter compile-imported-libraries is set to a true value.)
Profiling information is no longer produced for constants and variable references where the information is likely to be redundant. It is still produced in contexts where the counts are likely to differ from those of the enclosing form, e.g., where a constant or variable reference occurs in the consequent or alternative of an if expression. This change brings the profiling information largely in sync with Version 8.4.1 and earlier, though Version 8.9.2 retains source information in a few cases where it is inappropriately discarded by Version 8.4.1's compiler, and Version 8.9.2 discards source information in a few cases where the code has been optimized away.
The procedure compile-to-port is like compile-port but, instead of taking an input port from which it reads expressions to be compiled, takes a list of expressions to be compiled. As with compile-port, the second argument must be a binary output port.
Newly introduced debug levels control the amount of debugging support embedded in the code generated by the compiler. The current debug level is controlled by the parameter debug-level and must be set when the compiler is run to have any effect on the generated code. Valid debug levels are 0, 1, 2, and 3, and the default is 1. At present, the only difference between debug levels is whether calls to certain error-producing routines, like error, whether explicit or as the result of an implicit run-time check (such as the pair check in car), are treated as tail calls even when not in tail position. At debug levels 0 and 1, they are treated as tail calls, and at debug levels 2 and 3, they are treated as nontail calls. Treating them as tail calls is more efficient, but treating them as nontail calls leaves more information on the stack, which affects what can be shown by the inspector.
For example, assume f is defined as follows:
(define f
(lambda (x)
(unless (pair? x) (error #f "oops"))
(car x)))
and is called with a non-pair argument, e.g.:
(f 3)
If the debug level is 2 or more at the time the definition is compiled, the call to f will still be on the stack when the exception is raised by error and will thus be visible to the inspector:
> (f 3)
Exception: oops
Type (debug) to enter the debugger.
> (debug)
debug> i
#<continuation in f> : sf
0: #<continuation in f>
1: #<system continuation in new-cafe>
#<continuation in f> : s
continuation: #<system continuation in new-cafe>
procedure code: (lambda (x) (if (...) ...) (car x))
call code: (error #f "oops")
frame and free variables:
0. x: 3
On the other hand, if the debug level is 1 (the default) or 0 at the time the definition of f is compiled, the call to f will no longer be on the stack:
> (f 3)
Exception: oops
Type (debug) to enter the debugger.
> (debug)
debug> i
#<system continuation in new-cafe> : sf
1: #<system continuation in new-cafe>
Cost centers are used to track the bytes allocated, instructions executed, and/or cpu time elapsed while evaluating selected sections of code. Cost centers are created via the procedure make-cost-center, and costs are tracked via the procedure with-cost-center.
Allocation and instruction counts are tracked only for code instrumented for that purpose. This instrumentation is controlled by the generate-allocation-counts and generate-instruction-counts parameters. Instrumentation is disabled by default. Built in procedures are not instrumented, nor is interpreted code or non-Scheme code. Elapsed time is tracked only when the optional timed? argument to with-cost-center is provided and is not false.
The with-cost-center procedure accurately tracks costs, subject to the caveats above, even when reentered with the same cost center, used simultaneously in multiple threads, and exited or reentered one or more times via continuation invocation.
thread parameter: generate-allocation-counts
When this parameter has a true value, the compiler inserts a short sequence of instructions at each allocation point in generated code to track the amount of allocation that occurs. This parameter is initially false.
thread parameter: generate-instruction-counts
When this parameter has a true value, the compiler inserts a short sequence of instructions in each block of generated code to track the number of instructions executed by that block. This parameter is initially false.
procedure: (make-cost-center)
Creates a new cost-center object with all of its recorded costs set to zero.
procedure: (cost-center? obj)
Returns #t if obj is a cost-center object, otherwise returns #f.
procedure: (with-cost-center cost-center thunk)
procedure: (with-cost-center timed? cost-center thunk)
This procedure invokes thunk without arguments and returns its values. It also tracks, dynamically, the bytes allocated, instructions executed, and cpu time elapsed while evaluating the invocation of thunk and adds the tracked costs to the cost center's running record of these costs.
Allocation counts are tracked only for code compiled with the parameter generate-allocation-counts set to true, and instruction counts are tracked only for code compiled with generate-instruction-counts set to true. Cpu time is tracked only if timed? is provided and not false and includes cpu time spent in instrumented, uninstrumented, and non-Scheme code.
procedure: (cost-center-instruction-count cost-center)
This procedure returns instructions executed recorded by cost-center.
procedure: (cost-center-allocation-count cost-center)
This procedure returns the bytes allocated recorded by cost-center.
procedure: (cost-center-time cost-center)
This procedure returns the cpu time recorded by cost-center.
procedure: (reset-cost-center! cost-center)
This procedure resets the costs recorded by cost-center to zero.
Two system primitives, #%$read-time-stamp-counter and #%$read-performance-monitoring-counter, provide access to the x86 and x86_64 hardware time-stamp counter register and to the model-specific performance monitoring registers.
These primitives rely on instructions that might be restricted to run only in kernel mode, depending on kernel configuration. The performance monitoring counters must also be configured to enable monitoring and to specify which event to monitor. This can be configured only by instructions executed in kernel mode.
procedure: (#%$read-time-stamp-counter)
This procedure returns the current value of the time-stamp counter for the processor core executing this code. A general protection fault, which manifests as an invalid memory reference exception, results if this operation is not permitted by the operating system.
Since multiple processes might run on the same core between reads of the time-stamp counter, the counter does not necessarily reflect time spent only in the current process. Also, on machines with multiple cores, the executing process might be swapped to a different core with a different time-stamp counter.
procedure: (#%$read-performance-monitoring-counter counter)
This procedure returns the current value of the model-specific performance monitoring register specified by counter. counter must be a fixnum and should specify a valid performance monitoring register. Allowable values depend on the processor model. A general protection fault, which manifests as an invalid memory reference exception, results if this operation is not permitted by the operating system or if the specified counter does not exist.
In order to get meaningful results, the performance monitoring registers must be enabled, and the event to be monitored must by configured by the performance monitoring control register. This configuration can be done only by code run in kernel mode.
Since multiple processes might run on the same core between reads of a performance monitoring register, the register does not necessarily reflect only the activities of the current process. Also, on machines with multiple cores, the executing process might be swapped to a different core with its own set of performance monitoring registers and possibly a different configuration for those registers.
Within the interactive inspector, closure and frame variables can now be set by name, and the forward (f) and back (b) commands can now be used to to move among the frames that comprise a continuation.
A new show-local (sl) command can be be used to look at just the local variables of a stack frame. This contrasts with the show (s) command, which shows the free variables of the frame's closure as well.
Errors occurring during inspection, such as attempts to assign immutable variables, are handled more smoothly than in previous versions.
The fasl writer and reader now support records with non-ptr fields, e.g., integer-32, wchar, etc., allowing constant record instances with such fields to appear in source code (or be introduced as constants by macros) into code to be compiled via compile-file, compile-library, compile-program, compile-script, or compile-port. Ftype-pointer fields are not supported, since storing addresses in fasl files does not generally make sense.
Prior to this release, only one unhandled signal was buffered for any signal for which a handler has been registered via register-signal-handler, so two signals delivered in quick succession could be seen as only one. The system now buffers a much larger number (63 in this release) of signals, and the fact that signals can be dropped has now been documented.
A bug has been fixed in which a call to clear-output-port on a port could lead to unexpected behavior involving the port, including loss of buffering or suppression of future output to the port.
A variety of primitive argument type-checking issues have been fixed, including missing checks, misleading error messages, and checks made later than appropriate, i.e., after the primitive has already had side effects.
The __collect_safe mode for a foreign call or callable now correctly preserves floating-point registers used for arguments or results while activating or deactivating a thread on x86_64.
putenv now calls the host system's setenv instead of putenv on non-Windows hosts and avoids allocating memory that is never freed, although setenv might do so.
A bug that miscalculated the buffer size for open-string-input-port given an immutable string has been fixed.
A bug that produced the wrong sign when multiplying -230 with itself on 64-bit platforms has been fixed.
A bug that could cause the source optimizer to drop effects within the argument of a record-accessor call has been fixed.
The welcome text and copyright year in the macOS package file was corrected.
A bug in the reading of mutually recursive ftype definitions from compiled files has been fixed. The bug was triggered by recursive ftype definitions in which one of the mutually recursive ftypes is a subtype of another, as in:
(define-ftype
[A (* B)]
[B (struct [h A])]))
It manifested in the fasl reader raising bogus "incompatible record type" exceptions when two or more references to one of the ftypes occur in in separate compiled files or in separate top-level forms of a file compiled via compile-file. The bug could also have affected other record-type descriptors with cycles involving parent rtds and "extra" fields as well as fasl output created via fasl-write.
A bug in compile-whole-library that allowed the invoke code for a library included in the combined library body to be executed without first invoking its binary library dependencies has been fixed. This bug could arise when a member of a combined library was invoked without invoking the requirements of the other libraries it was combined with. For instance, consider the case where libraries (A) and (B) are combined and (B) has dependencies on library (A) and binary library (C). One possible sort order of this graph is (C), (A), (B), where the invoke code for (A) and (B) are combined into a single block of invoke code. If library (A) is invoked first, it will implicitly cause the invoke code for (B) to be invoked without invoking the code for (C). We address this by adding explicit dependencies between (A) and all the binary libraries that precede it and all of the other libraries clustered with (A) and (A), such that no matter which library clustered with (A) is invoked firts, (A) will be invoked, causing all binary libraries that precede (A) to be invoked. It is also possible for a similar problem to exist between clusters, where invoking a later cluster may invoke an earlier cluster without invoking the binary dependencies for the earlier cluster. We address this issue by adding an invoke requirement between each cluster and the first library in the cluster that precedes it. These extended invoke requirements are also added to the import requirements for each library, and the dependency graph is enhanced with import requirement links to ensure these are taken into account during the topological sort.
A bug in automatic recompilation involving missing include files has been fixed. The bug caused automatic recompilation to fail, often with an exception in file-modification-time, when a file specified by an absolute pathname or pathname starting with "./" or "../" was included via include during a previous compilation run and is no longer present.
A bug that caused evaluation of a foreign-callable expression in code that has been collected into the static generation (e.g., when the foreign-callable form appears in code compiled to a boot file) to result in an invalid memory reference has been fixed.
A bug in the source optimizer (cp0) allowed constant-folding of some calls to apply where the last argument is not known to be a list. For example, cp0 incorrectly reduced (apply zero? 0) to #t and reduced (lambda (x) (apply box? x) x) to (lambda (x) x), but now preserves these calls to apply so that they may raise an exception.
In Windows, filenames that start with a disk designator but no directory separator are now treated as relative paths. For example, (path-absolute? "C:") now returns #f, and (directory-list "C:") now lists the files in the current directory on disk C instead of the files in the root directory of disk C.
In addition, file-access-time, file-change-time, file-directory?, file-exists?, file-modification-time, and get-mode no longer remove trailing directory separators on Windows.
The globally unique names of gensyms no longer contain the IP address on non-Windows systems. Windows systems already used a universally unique identifier.
A compiler bug that could result in an invalid memory reference or some other unpleasant behavior for calls to fxvector in which the nested subexpression to compute the new value to be stored is nontrivial has been fixed. This bug could also affect calls to vector-set-fixnum! and possibly other primitive operations.
A bug in the implementation of the default exit handler with multiple values has been fixed.
Compiled library code may now appear within fasl objects loaded during the boot process, provided that they are appended to the end of the base boot file or appear within a later boot file.
The library system no longer reports a cyclic dependency error during the second and subsequent attempts to visit or invoke a library after the first attempt fails for some reason other than an actual cyclic dependency. The fix also allows a library to be visited or invoked successfully on the second or subsequent attempt if the visit or invoke failed for a transient reason, such as a missing or incorrect version in an imported library.
A bug that limited the (import import-spec ...) form within a standalone export form to (import import-spec) has been fixed.
In Windows, deleting a file or directory briefly leaves the file or directory in a state where a subsequent create operation fails with permission denied. This race condition is now mitigated. [This bug applies to all versions up to 9.5 on Windows 7 and later.]
A bug when date->time-utc is called on Windows with a date-zone-offset smaller than the system's time-zone offset has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 9.5.]
A bug in the source optimizer that caused an internal compiler error when folding certain calls to fx+/carry, fx-/carry, and fx*/carry has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 9.1.]
A bug in that caused an internal compiler error when optimizing certain nested calls to call-with-values has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 8.9.1.]
A bug in the expansion of define-values that caused it to produce a non-definition form when used to define no values has been fixed. [This bug dated back to at least Version 8.4.]
A bug in the source optimizer that caused pariah forms to be ignored has been fixed. [This bug dated back to at least Version 9.3.1.]
A bug on 64-bit platforms that occasionally caused invalid memory references when operating on inexact complex numbers or the imaginary parts of inexact complex numbers has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 8.9.1.]
A bug that caused fxsll, fxarithmetic-shift-left, and fxarithmetic-shift to fail to detect overflow in certain cases has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 4.0.]
A missing argument check that resulted in the procedure returned by enum-set-indexer causing an invalid memory reference when passed a non-symbol argument has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 7.5.]
The C heap storage for inaccessible mutexes and conditions is now reclaimed. [This bug dated back to Version 6.5.]
A bug that caused guardian entries for a thread to be lost when a thread exits has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 6.5.]
A bug in the source optimizer that produced incorrect code for certain nested if patterns has been fixed. For example, the code generated for the following expression:
(if (if (if (if (zero? (a)) #f #t) (begin (b) #t) #f)
(c)
#f)
(x)
(y))
inappropriately evaluated the subexpression (b) when the subexpression (a) evaluates to 0 and not when (a) evaluates to 1. [This bug dated back to Version 9.0.]
A bug in the pass of the compiler that inserts valid checks for letrec and letrec* bindings has been fixed. The bug resulted in an internal compiler exception with a condition message regarding a leaked or unexpected cpvalid-defer form. [This bug dated back to Version 6.9c.]
string->number and the reader previously treated all complex numbers written in polar notation that Chez Scheme cannot represent exactly as inexact, even with an explicit #e prefix. For such numbers with the #e prefix, string->number now returns #f and the reader now raises an exception with condition type &implementation-restriction. Both still return an inexact representation for such numbers written without the #e prefix, even if R6RS requires an exact result, i.e., even if they have no decimal point, exponent, or mantissa width.
Ratios with an exponent, like 1/2e10, are non-standard and now cause cause the procedure string->number imported from (rnrs) to return #f. When the reader encounters a ratio followed by an exponent while in R6RS mode (i.e., when reading a library or top-level program and not following an #!chezscheme, or when following an explicit #!r6rs), it raises an exception.
Positive or negative zero followed by a large exponent now properly produces zero rather than an infinity, e.g., 0e3000 now produces 0 rather than +inf.0.
A rounding bug converting some small ratios into floating point numbers, when those numbers fall into the range of denormalized floats, has been fixed. This bug also affected the reading of and conversion of strings into denormalized floating-point numbers. [Some of these bugs dated back to Version 3.0.]
date->time-utc has been fixed to properly take into account the zone-offset field. [This bug dated back to Version 8.0.]
On Windows, the source optimizer has been fixed to handle wchar and wchar_t record field types.
On Windows, the path-related procedures now raise an appropriate exception when the path argument is not a string.
A bug in the handling of mutexes has been fixed. The bug typically presented as a spurious "recursively locked" exception.
A bug causing dynamic-wind to unconditionally enable interrupts upon a nonlocal exit from the body thunk has been fixed. Interrupts are now properly enabled only when the optional critical? argument is supplied and is not false. [This bug dated back to Version 6.9c.]
Mistakes in our primitive database that caused the source optimizer to treat append, append!, list*, cons*, and record-type-parent as always returning true values have been fixed, along with mistakes that caused the source optimizer to treat null-environment, source-object-bfp, source-object-efp, and source-object-sfd as not requiring argument checks. [This bug dated back to Version 6.0.]
We have worked around a limitation in the number of distinct allocation areas the Windows VirtualAlloc function permits to be allocated by allocating fewer, larger chunks of memory, effectively increasing the maximum size of the heap to the full amount permitted by the operating system.
The expander now handles let and let* in such a way that certain syntax errors previously reported as syntax errors in lambda are now reported properly as syntax errors in let or let*. This includes duplicate identifier errors for let and errors involving internal definitions for both let and let*.
A bug that caused effect-context calls to profile-dump-html to be dropped at optimize-level 3 has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 7.5.]
A deficiency in the handling of library dependencies that prevented meta definitions exported in one library from being used reliably by a macro defined in another library has been fixed. Handling imported meta bindings involves tracking visit-visit-requirements, which for a library (A) is the set of libraries that must be visited (rather than invoked) when (A) is visited. An attempt to assign a meta variable imported from a library now results in a syntax error. [This bug dated back to Version 7.9.1.]
A bug that prevented an identifier given a property via define-property from being exported from a library (A), imported into and reexported from a second library (B), and imported from both (A) and (B) into and reexported from a third library (C) has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 8.1.]
The fasl (fast load) format used for compiled files now supports cyclic record-type descriptors (RTDs), which are produced for recursive ftype definitions. Previously, compiling a file containing a recursive ftype definition and subsequently loading the file resulted in corruption of the ftype descriptor used to typecheck ftype pointers, potentially leading to incorrect behavior or invalid memory references. [This bug dated back to Version 8.2.]
A bug that caused the optimizer to fold calls to record accessors applied to a constant value of the wrong type, sometimes resulting in compile-time invalid memory references or other compile-time errors, has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 8.4.]
A bug that prevented objects larger than 4GB to be created under Windows x86_64 has been fixed. [This bug dated back to Version 8.4.]
The basic arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) are now much faster when presented with certain special cases, e.g., multiplication of a large integer by 1 or -1 or addition of large integer and 0.
Right shifting a large integer is now much faster in most cases where the shift count is a significant fraction of the number of bits in the large integer.
Visiting an object file (to obtain only compile-time information and code) and revisiting an object file (to obtain only run-time information and code) is now faster, because revisions to the fasl format, fasl writer, and fasl reader allow run-time code to be seeked past when visiting and compile-time code to be seeked past when revisiting. For compressed object files (the default), seeking still requires reading all of the data, but the cost of parsing the fasl format and building objects in the skipped portions is avoided, as are certain side effects, such as associating record type descriptors with their uids.
Similarly, recompile information is now placed at the front of each object file where it can be loaded separately from the remainder of an object file without even seeking past the other portions of the file. Recompile information is used by import (when compile-imported-libraries is #t) and by maybe-compile routines such as maybe-compile-program to help determine whether recompilation is necessary.
Importing a library from an object file now causes the object file to be visited rather than fully loaded. (Libraries were already just revisited when required for their run-time code, e.g., when used from a top-level program.)
Together these changes can significantly reduce compile-time and run-time overhead, particularly in applications that make use of a large number of libraries.
profile-release-counters is now generation-friendly, meaning it does not incur any overhead for code objects in generations that have not been collected since the last call toprofile-release-counters. Also, it no longer allocates memory when counters are released.
The cost of obtaining profile counts via profile-dump and other mechanisms has been reduced significantly.
The compiler now generates better inline code for the bytevector procedure. Instead of one byte memory write for each argument, it writes up to four (32-bit machines) or eight (64-bit machines) bytes at a time, which almost always results in fewer instructions and fewer writes.
The last call to the procedure passed to vector-for-each or string-for-each is now reliably implemented as tail call, as was already the case for for-each.
After running the main source optimization pass (cp0), the compiler optionally runs a commonization pass, which commonizes code for similar lambda expressions. The parameter commonization-level controls whether the commonization pass is run and, if so, how aggressive it is. The parameter's value must be a nonnegative exact integer ranging from 0 through 9. When the parameter is set to 0, the default, commonization is not run. Otherwise, higher values result in more commonization.
Compile times are now lower, sometimes by an order of magnitude or more, for procedures with thousands of parameters, local variables, and compiler-introduced temporaries. For such procedures, the register/frame allocator proactively spills variables with large live ranges, cutting down on the size and cost of building the conflict graph used to represent pairs of variables that are live at the same time and therefore cannot share a location.
As a result of improvements in the handing of the oblist (symbol table), the storage for a symbol is often reclaimed more quickly after it becomes inaccessible, less space is set aside for the oblist at start-up, oblist lookups are faster when the oblist contains a large number of symbols, and the minimum cost of a maximum-generation collection has been cut significantly, down from tens of microseconds to just a handful on contemporary hardware.
Various changes in the storage manager have reduced the amount of extra memory required for managing heap storage and increased the likelihood that memory can be returned to the O/S as the heap shrinks. Returning memory to the O/S is now faster, so the minimum time for a maximum-generation collection, or any other collection where release of memory to the O/S is enabled, has been cut.
Libraries now load faster at both compile and run time, with more pronounced improvements when dozens of libraries or more are being loaded.
The source optimizer now maintains information about partially static record instances to eliminate field accesses and type checks when a binding site for a record instance is visible to the access or checking code. For example,
(let ()
(import scheme)
(define-record foo ([immutable ptr a] [immutable ptr b]))
(define (inc r) (make-foo (foo-a r) (+ (foo-b r) 1)))
(lambda (x)
(let* ([r (make-foo 37 x)]
[r (inc r)]
[r (inc r)])
r)))
is reduced by the source optimizer down to:
(lambda (x) ($record '#<record type foo> 37 (+ (+ x 1) 1)))
where $record is a low-level primitive for creating record instances. That is, the source optimizer eliminates the intermediate record structures, record references, and type checks, in addition to creating the record-type descriptor at compile time, eliminating the record-constructor descriptor, record constructor, and record accessors produced by expansion of the record definition.
The source optimizer now handles apply with a known-list final argument, e.g., a constant list or list constructed directly within the apply operation via cons, list, or list* (cons*) as if it were an ordinary call, i.e., without the apply and without the constant list wrapper or list constructor. For example:
(apply apply apply + (list 1 (cons 2 (list x (cons* 4 '(5 6))))))
folds down to (+ 18 x). While not common at the source level, patterns like this can materialize as the result of other source optimizations, particularly inlining.
The source optimizer now also reduces applications of car and cdr to the list-building operators cons and list, e.g.:
(car (cons e1 e2)) 
(begin e2 e1)
(car (list e1 e2 e3)) (begin e2 e3 e1)
(cdr (list e1 e2 e3)) (begin e1 (list e2 e3))
discarding side-effect-free expressions in the begin forms where appropriate. It treats similarly calls of vector-ref on vector; list-ref on list, list*, and cons*; string-ref on string; and fxvector-ref on fxvector, taking care with string-ref and fxvector-ref not to optimize when doing so might mask an invalid type of argument to a safe constructor.
Finally, the source optimizer now removes certain unnecessary let bindings within the constraints of evaluation-order preservation. For example,
(let ([x e1] [y e2]) (list (cons x y) 7))
reduces to:
(list (cons e1 e2) 7)
Such bindings commonly arise from inlining. Eliminating them tends to make the output of expand/optimize more readable.
The impact on performance is minimal, but it can result in smaller expressions and thus enable more inlining within the same size limits.
Various composed operation on ftypes now avoid allocating and dereferencing intermediate ftype pointers, i.e., ftype-ref, ftype-set!, ftype-init-lock!, ftype-lock!, ftype-unlock!, ftype-spin-lock!, ftype-locked-incr!, or ftype-locked-decr! applied directly to the result of ftype-ref, ftype-&ref, or make-ftype-pointer.
The source optimizer does a few new optimizations: it folds calls to symbol->string, string->symbol, and gensym->unique-string if the argument is known at compile time and has the right type; it folds zero-argument calls to vector, string, bytevector, and fxvector; and it discards subsumed case-lambda clauses, e.g., the second clause in (case-lambda [(x . y) e1] [(x y) e2]).
A call to apply with a very long argument list can cause a large chunk of memory to be allocated for the topmost portion of the stack. This space is now reclaimed during the next collection.
The performance of operations on symbol hashtables has been improved generally over previous releases by eliminating call overhead for the hash and equality functions. Further improvements are possible with the use of the new type-specific symbol-hashtable operators (Section 2.57).
The amount of time required to invoke a library and the amount of memory occupied by the library when the library is invoked as the result of a run-time dependency of another library or a top-level program have both been reduced by "revisiting" rather than "invoking" the library, effectively leaving the compile-time information on disk until if and when it is needed.
Unless the command-line parameter --retain-static-relocation is supplied, the collector now discards relocation tables for code objects when the code objects are promoted to the static generation, either at boot time via heap compaction or via a call to collect with the symbol static as the target generation. This results in a significant reduction in the memory occupied by the code object (around 20% in our tests).
The code to register an object with a guardian is now open-coded, at the cost of some additional work during the next collection. The result is a modest net improvement in registration overhead (around 15% in our tests). Of potentially greater importance when threaded, each registration no longer requires synchronization.
The compiler generates better code in several small ways, resulting in small decreases in code size and corresponding small performance improvements in the range of 1-5% in our tests.
In previous releases, a factor in collector performance was the overall size of the heap (measured both in number of pages and the amount of virtual memory spanned by the heap). Through various changes to the data structures used to support the storage manager, this factor has been eliminated, which can significantly reduce the cost of collecting a younger generation with a small number of accessible objects relative to overall heap size. In our experiments, the minimum cost of collection on contemporary hardware exceeded 100 microseconds for heaps of 64MB or more and 5 milliseconds for heaps of 1GB or more. The minimum cost grew in proportion to the heap size from there. This is now fixed for all heap sizes at just a few microseconds.
Improvements in the compiler and storage manager have been made to reduce the cost of tracking possible pointers from older to younger generations when objects are mutated.
Ftype pointers with constant addresses are now created at compile time, with ftype-pointer address checks optimized away as well.
Bignum allocation overhead is avoided for addresses outside the fixnum range when the results of two ftype-pointer-address calls are directly compared or the result of one ftype-pointer-address call is directly compared with 0. That is, comparisons like:
(= (ftype-pointer-address x) 0)
(= (ftype-pointer-address x) (ftype-pointer-address y))
are effectively optimized to:
(ftype-pointer-null? x)
(ftype-pointer=? x y)
This optimization is performed when the comparison procedure is =, eqv?, or equal? and the arguments are given in either order. The optimization is also performed when zero? is applied directly to the result of ftype-pointer-address.
Bignum allocation overhead is also avoided at optimize-level 3 when ftype-pointer-address is used in combination with make-ftype-pointer to effect a type cast, as in:
(make-ftype-pointer T (ftype-pointer-address x))
Both bignum and ftype-pointer allocation is avoided when the result of such a cast is used directly as the base pointer in an ftype-ref, ftype-&ref, ftype-set!, ftype-locked-incr!, ftype-locked-decr!, ftype-init-lock!, ftype-lock!, ftype-spin-lock!, or ftype-unlock! form, as in:
(ftype-ref T (fld) (make-ftype-pointer T (ftype-pointer-address x)))
These optimizations do not occur when the calls to ftype-pointer-address are not nested directly within the outer form, as when a let binding is used to name the result of the ftype-pointer-address call, e.g.:
(let ([addr (ftype-pointer-address x)]) (= addr 0))
In other places where ftype-pointer-address is used, the compiler now open-codes the extraction and (if necessary) bignum allocation, reducing overhead by the cost of a procedure call.
In addition to improvements in the tracking of profile counts, the run-time overhead for gathering profile information has gone down by 5-10% in our tests and is now typically around 10% of the total unprofiled run time. (Unprofiled code is also slightly faster, but by less than 2% in our tests.)
Versions starting with 8.9.1 employ a new compiler back end that is structured as a series of nanopassees and replaces the old linear-time register allocator with a graph-coloring register allocator. Compilation with the new back end is substantially slower (up to a factor of two) than with the old back end, while code generated with the new back end is faster (14-40% depending on architecture and optimization level) in our tests. These improvements are independent of improvements resulting from cross-library constant folding and inlining (Section 4.30). The code generated for a specific program might be faster or slower.
Calls to make-guardian are now open-coded by the compiler to expose the implicit resulting case-lambda expression so that calls to the guardian can themselves be inlined, thus reducing the overhead for registering objects with a guardian and querying the guardian for resurrected objects.
make-parameter and make-thread-parameter are now open-coded in all cases to expose the implicit resulting case-lambda expression. (They were already open-coded when the second, filter, argument was a lambda expression or primitive name.)
The compiler now propagates constants and inlines simple procedures across library boundaries. A simple procedure is one that, after optimization of the exporting library, is smaller than a given threshold, contains no free references to other bindings in the exporting library, and contains no constants that cannot be copied without breaking pointer identity. The size threshold is determined, as for inlining within a library or other compilation unit, by the parameter cp0-score-limit. In this case, the size threshold is determined based on the size before inlining rather than the size after inlining, which is often more conservative. Omitting larger procedures that might generate less code when inlined in a particular context reduces the amount of information that must be stored in the exporting library's object code to support cross-library inlining.
One particularly useful benefit of this optimization is that record predicates, accessors, mutators, and (depending on protocols) constructors created by a record definition in one library and exported by another are inlined in the importing library, just as if the record type were defined in the importing library.
© 2020 Cisco Systems, Inc.
Licensed under the Apache License Version 2.0